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Medical Biochemistry, 6th Edition

John W Baynes, Marek H. Dominiczak
ISBN: 9780323834506
ISBN: 9780323834506
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Περιγραφή

Written by carefully selected global experts, practicing physicians, and educators in the various sub-disciplines of biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry, 6th Edition, offers a unique combination of research and clinical practice tailored to today’s integrated courses. Covering clinically relevant topics in greater detail than other texts, this outstanding resource provides a strong overview of traditional areas in medical biochemistry along with state-of-the-art coverage of today’s latest developments. You’ll learn basic science concepts alongside clinical cases that describe patients likely to be encountered in clinical training, as well as how to use laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor the most important conditions. Thorough yet accessible, this clinically focused text is useful from medical school to clinical practice.

 

Key Features
  • Features a strong clinical orientation, emphasizing the relevance of biochemistry to the daily practice of medicine.
  • Highlights the latest developments in regulatory and molecular biology, signal transduction, age-related chronic disease, epigenetics, and bioinformatics and the “-omics,” as well as important global medical issues such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and malnutrition, cancer and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and nutrition and exercise.
  • Emphasizes clinical evaluation, maintenance of good health, and disease prevention, as well as translational medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
  • Contains organ-focused chapters addressing the biochemistry of the bone, kidney, liver, lungs and muscle; and system-focused chapters on the biochemistry of the immune and endocrine systems, neurochemistry and neurotransmission, and cancer.
  • Includes clear, colorful icons and illustrations that help you easily navigate the text and understand the material.
  • Provides online features such as challenging “Active Learning” questions for independent study, relevant websites that reinforce or supplement chapter content, 150+ multiple-choice and USMLE-style questions, a quick-reference glossary, additional images and case studies, references to current literature, and more.
  • Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Author Information
Edited by John W Baynes, PhD, Carolina Distinguished Professor Emeritus; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia, South Carolina and Marek H. Dominiczak, Dr, Hab, Med, FRCPath, Honorary Professor of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Humanities, University of Glasgow; Consultant Biochemist, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover image
  • Title page
  • Table of Contents
  • Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
  • Copyright
  • List of Contributors
  • Acknowledgments
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 1: Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Introduction and Overview
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • What is the Sixth Edition of Medical Biochemistry?
  • What is Biochemistry: The Short Overview
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 2: Molecules and Cells
  • Chapter 2. Amino Acids and Proteins
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Amino Acids
  • Buffers
  • Peptides and Proteins
  • Purification and Characterization of Proteins
  • Analysis of Protein Structure
  • Summary
  • Abbreviations
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Chapter 3. Carbohydrates and Lipids
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Structure of Biomembranes
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 4. Membranes and Transport
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Types of Transport Processes
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 3: Metabolism
  • Chapter 5. Oxygen Transport
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Characteristics of Mammalian Globin Proteins
  • Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
  • Selected Topics
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 6. Catalytic Proteins – Enzymes
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Enzymatic Reactions
  • Enzyme Kinetics
  • Mechanism of Enzyme Action
  • Enzyme Inhibition
  • Regulation of Enzyme Activity
  • Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 7. Vitamins and Minerals
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Fat-Soluble Vitamins
  • Water-Soluble Vitamins
  • Dietary Supplementation of Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • More Clinical Cases
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 8. Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Oxidation As A Source Of Energy
  • Free Energy
  • Conservation Of Energy By Coupling Of Reactions To Hydrolysis Of ATP
  • Mitochondrial Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate From Reduced Coenzymes
  • The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
  • Transfer Of Electrons From NADH Into Mitochondria
  • Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate: The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
  • Inhibitors Of Oxidative Metabolism
  • Regulation Of Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 9. Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • The Erythrocyte
  • Glycolysis
  • Synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
  • The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 10. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Functions of the Tca Cycle
  • Pyruvate Carboxylase
  • The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
  • Enzymes and Reactions of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  • Energy Yield from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  • Cataplerosis and Anaplerosis
  • Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 11. Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Catabolism
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Activation of Fatty Acids for Transport Into the Mitochondrion
  • Oxidation of Fatty Acids
  • Ketogenesis, a Metabolic Pathway Unique to Liver
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 12. Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrate
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Structure of Glycogen
  • Pathway of Glycogenesis from Blood Glucose in the Liver
  • Pathway of Glycogenolysis in the Liver
  • Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Glycogenolysis
  • Mechanism of Action of Glucagon
  • Mobilization of Hepatic Glycogen by Epinephrine
  • Glycogenolysis in Muscle
  • Regulation of Glycogenesis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 13. Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Fatty Acid Synthesis
  • Storage and Transport of Fatty Acids: Synthesis of Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
  • Regulation of Total Body Fat Stores
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 14. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • The Cholesterol Molecule
  • Cholesterol is Esterified Within Cells and in Plasma
  • Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
  • Cholesterol Clearance: The Bile Acids
  • Steroid Hormones
  • Vitamin D
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • More Clinical Cases
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 15. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Metabolism of Dietary and Endogenous Proteins
  • Amino acid Degradation
  • Metabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
  • Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
  • Inherited Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 16. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Purine Metabolism
  • Pyrimidine Metabolism
  • Formation of Deoxynucleotides
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 17. Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Structures and Linkages
  • Interconversions of Dietary Sugars
  • Other Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Metabolism
  • Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides
  • Functions of the Oligosaccharide Chains of Glycoproteins
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 18. Complex Lipids
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Synthesis and Turnover of Glycerophospholipids
  • Sphingolipids
  • Lysosomal Storage Diseases Resulting from Defects in Glycolipid Degradation
  • ABO Blood Group Antigens
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 19. The Extracellular Matrix
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Noncollagenous Proteins in The Extracellular Matrix
  • Proteoglycans
  • Communication of Cells With The Extracellular Matrix
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • Chapter 20. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes
  • DNA Replication
  • DNA Repair
  • Recombinant Dna Technology
  • Principles of Molecular Hybridization
  • Cloning of DNA
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 21. Ribonucleic Acid
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Molecular Anatomy Of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules
  • Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases
  • Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: Transcription
  • Posttranscriptional Processing of Ribonucleic Acids
  • Selective Degradation or Inactivation of Mrna
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites and Videos
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 22. Protein Synthesis and Turnover
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • The Genetic Code
  • The Machinery of Protein Synthesis
  • The Process of Protein Synthesis
  • Protein Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
  • Protein Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 23. Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Basic Mechanisms of Gene Expression
  • Steroid Receptors
  • Alternative Approaches to Gene Regulation in Humans
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • CRISPR
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 24. Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Genomics
  • Proteomics
  • Metabolomics
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 5: Signalling and Growth
  • Chapter 25. Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Types of Hormone and Monoamine Receptors
  • Receptor Coupling to Intracellular Signal Transduction
  • Second Messengers
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 26. Neurotransmitters
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Neurotransmission
  • Classes of Neurotransmitters
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 27. Biochemical Endocrinology
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Hormones
  • Laboratory Assessment of Hormone Action
  • Causes of Endocrine Disease
  • The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid Function: The Hypothalamo-Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
  • The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
  • The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
  • The Growth Hormone Axis
  • The Prolactin Axis
  • Endocrine Systems not Considered in this Chapter
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • More Clinical Cases
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 28. Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Cell Cycle
  • Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Growth: Growth Factors
  • Regulation of the Cell Cycle
  • Cell Death
  • Cancer
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 29. Aging
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Theories of Aging
  • Genetic Models of Increased Life span
  • Antiaging Interventions: What Works and What Doesn’t
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 6: Fuels Nutrients and Minerals
  • Chapter 30. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Water and Electrolyte Handling in the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Components of Digestion
  • Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
  • Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
  • Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 31. Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Glucose Homeostasis
  • Glucagon and other Antiinsulin Hormones
  • Incretin Hormones
  • The Feed–Fast Cycle
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Laboratory Assessment of Fuel Metabolism
  • Treating Diabetes
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 32. Nutrients and Diets
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Main Classes of Nutrients
  • Essential Nutrients
  • Role of the Adipose Tissue in Controlling Energy Balance
  • Regulation of Food Intake
  • Nutrigenomics
  • Nutrition, Life Cycle, and Metabolic Adaptation
  • Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity
  • Malnutrition
  • Obesity
  • Undernutrition
  • Healthy Eating
  • Assessing Nutrition
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 33. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Nature Of Lipoproteins
  • Lipoprotein Receptors
  • Enzymes and Lipid Transfer Proteins
  • Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism
  • The Concept Of Cardiovascular Risk
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Dyslipidemias
  • Principles of Treatment of Dyslipidemias
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • More Clinical Cases
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 7: Specialized Tissues and Their Function
  • Chapter 34. Role of the Liver in Metabolism
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Structure of the Liver
  • Liver and Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • Liver and Protein Metabolism
  • Heme Synthesis
  • Bilirubin Metabolism
  • Drug Metabolism
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Biochemical Tests of Liver Function
  • Classification of Liver Disorders
  • Genomics of Liver Disease
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 35. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
  • Abstract
  • Outlines
  • Introduction
  • Body Water Compartments
  • Role of the Kidneys in Water and Electrolyte Balance
  • Regulation of Water And Electrolyte Balance
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 36. The Lung and the Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid–Base Balance)
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Body Buffer Systems: Respiratory And Metabolic Components Of The Acid–Base Balance
  • Lungs: The Gas Exchange
  • Bicarbonate Handling by the Kidneys
  • Disorders of the Acid–Base Balance
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 37. Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Muscle Structure
  • The Contractile Process
  • Muscle Energy Metabolism
  • Tissue Engineering and Replacement of Muscle
  • Effect of Exercise
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Muscular Dystrophy
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 38. Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Cellular Role of Calcium
  • Bone Structure And Bone Remodeling
  • Bone Markers
  • Calcium Homeostasis
  • Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 39. Neurochemistry
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Brain and Peripheral Nerve
  • Cells of the Nervous System
  • Synaptic Transmission
  • Ion Channels
  • Neurotransmitter receptors
  • Mechanism of Vision
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Section 8: Blood and Immunity. Clinical Biochemistry
  • Chapter 40. Blood and Plasma Proteins
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Formed Elements of Blood
  • Plasma Proteins
  • The Acute-Phase Response
  • Biomarkers
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 41. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Hemostasis
  • The Vessel Wall
  • Platelets and Platelet-Related Bleeding Disorders
  • Coagulation
  • Fibrinolysis
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 42. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • The Inertness of Oxygen
  • Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
  • Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
  • The Nature of Oxygen Radical Damage
  • Antioxidant Defenses
  • The Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 43. The Immune Response: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Three Layers of Immune Protection
  • The Innate Immune Response
  • Dendritic Cells Link the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
  • Adaptive Immune Response
  • Vaccination
  • Failure of the Immune Response
  • Harnessing the Power of Antibodies for Immunotherapy
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Relevant Websites
  • Abbreviations
  • Appendix 1. Selected Clinical Laboratory Reference Ranges
  • Reference ranges
  • Distribution of values within the reference population
  • Interpretation of laboratory results in individual persons
  • Clinical decision limits
  • Significant change in serial results
  • Final notes and cautions when using reference intervals
  • Abbreviations
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix 2. More Advanced Clinical Cases
  • Chapter 7 Vitamins and Minerals
  • Chapter 14 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
  • Chapter 27 Biochemical Endocrinology
  • Chapter 33 Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
  • Chapter 34 Role of the Liver in Metabolism
  • Chapter 35 Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
  • Chapter 37 Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
  • Baynes & Dominiczak: Medical Biochemistry 6E
  • Question Set 1
  • Question Set 2
  • Question Set 3
  • Question Set 4
  • Question Set 5
  • Question Set 6
  • MCQ Answers
  • Multiple Choice Questions
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 40
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 41
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 30
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 33
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 37
  • Chapter 31
  • Chapter 32
  • Chapter 35
  • Chapter 36
  • Chapter 38
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 34
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
  • Chapter 23
  • Chapter 42
  • Chapter 43
  • Chapter 27
  • Chapter 25
  • Chapter 39
  • Chapter 25
  • Chapter 26
  • Chapter 29
  • Chapter 28
  • Patient-Oriented Problems (POPs)
  • Patient-Oriented Problem Answers
  • Short Answer Questions (SAQs)
  • Short Answers
  • Index

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