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Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition

ISBN: 9780323829977
ISBN: 9780323829977
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Περιγραφή

Gain the knowledge and skills you need to succeed in the clinical lab! Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition uses a reader-friendly “building-block” approach to help you learn the essentials of diagnostic microbiology. Featuring full-color drawings and photos, this text helps you learn to develop the critical thinking and problem-solving skills necessary to the accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases and the identification of infectious agents. Written by noted educators Connie R. Mahon and Donald C. Lehman, this edition adds new content on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, along with the latest information on prevention, treatment modalities, and CDC guidelines.

New to this edition

NEW! Information about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is added to this edition.
NEW! Updated content is included throughout the book, and several chapters are reorganized and refocused.
NEW! Enterobacteriaceae chapter is updated.

Key Features

Building-block approach encourages you to use previously learned information in mastering new material.
Full-color photographs and photomicrographs make it easier to understand and apply diagnostic microbiology concepts.
Case studies describe clinical and laboratory findings, offering opportunities to correlate observations with possible etiologic agents and to build critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Hands-on procedures in the appendices describe techniques used in the lab setting.
Issues to Consider boxes list important points to think about while reading the chapter.
Case Checks in each chapter highlight specific points in the text and show how they connect to case studies.
Bolded key terms with abbreviations are listed at the beginning of each chapter, showing the most important and relevant terms in each chapter.
Learning Objectives at the beginning of each chapter supply you with a measurable learning outcome to achieve by completing the material.
Points to Remember sections at the end of each chapter provide a bulleted list of key concepts.
Learning Assessment Questions at the conclusion of each chapter help you to think critically and to evaluate how well you have mastered the material.
Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology chapter provides the most current information about these important topics.
Lab manual on the Evolve website reinforces concepts with real-life scenarios and review questions.
Glossary at the end of the book supplies you with a quick reference for looking up definitions of key terms.

Author Information
By Connie R. Mahon, M.S.MT(ASCP), Director, Organization Development (Retired), Health Resources and Services Administration, Learning Institute, Rockville, Maryland; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Integrative Health Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC and Donald C. Lehman, EdD, MLS(ASCP)cm, SM(NRCM), Associate Professor, Department of Medical Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover image
  • Title page
  • Table of Contents
  • Evolve Student Resources
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Reviewers
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Organization
  • Pedagogic features
  • Ancillaries for instructors and students
  • Acknowledgments
  • Part 1: Introduction to clinical microbiology
  • 1. Bacterial cell structure, physiology, metabolism, and genetics
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Overview of the microbial world
  • Classification/Taxonomy
  • Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure
  • Bacterial morphology
  • Microbial growth and nutrition
  • Bacterial biochemistry and metabolism
  • Microbial genetics
  • Bibliography
  • 2. Host-parasite interaction
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Origin of microbial biota
  • Composition of microbial biota at different body sites
  • Role of the microbial biota in the pathogenesis of infectious disease
  • Role of the microbial biota in the host defense against infectious disease
  • Microbial factors contributing to pathogenesis and virulence
  • Host resistance factors
  • Mechanisms by which microbes may overcome host adaptive defenses
  • Bibliography
  • 3. The laboratory role in infection control
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts in infection prevention and control practice
  • Outbreak investigation
  • Education
  • Response plans
  • Bibliography
  • 4. Control of microorganisms: disinfection, sterilization, and microbiology safety
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Disinfection and sterilization
  • Sterilization versus disinfection
  • Factors that influence the degree of killing
  • Methods of disinfection and sterilization
  • Disinfectants versus antiseptics
  • EPA regulations on chemical surface disinfectants
  • FDA regulations on chemical skin antiseptics
  • Microbiology laboratory safety
  • General laboratory safety
  • Bioterrorism and the clinical microbiology laboratory
  • Bibliography
  • 5. Performance improvement in the microbiology laboratory
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Introduction to quality management system
  • Quality and performance improvement measures
  • Quality control in the microbiology laboratory
  • Evaluating and interpreting diagnostic laboratory tests
  • Analytic analysis of tests
  • Clinical analysis of tests
  • Operational analysis of tests
  • Choosing a laboratory method
  • Test validation
  • Bibliography
  • 6. Specimen collection and processing
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Basic principles of specimen collection
  • Preservation, storage, and transport of specimens
  • Specimen receipt and processing
  • Culture workup
  • Communication of laboratory findings
  • Bibliography
  • 7. Microscopic examination of materials from infected sites
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key terms
  • Preparation of samples
  • Stains
  • Microscopes
  • Terminology for direct examinations
  • Examination of prepared material
  • Grading or classifying materials
  • Reports of direct examinations
  • Initiation of special handling for unsuspected or special pathogens
  • Quality control in direct microscopic interpretations
  • Examples of sample observations and reports
  • Points to remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • Direct examination showing local and contaminating materials
  • Direct examination in common bacterial infections
  • Direct examination in gram-positive bacillary infections
  • Direct examination in uncommon gram-positive bacilli
  • Direct examination in gram-positive bacilli with filaments and branches
  • Direct examination in selected gram-negative bacterial infections
  • Direct examination in selected gram-negative bacillary infections
  • Direct examination in polymicrobial infections
  • 8. Use of colony morphology for the presumptive identification of microorganisms
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Importance of colony morphology as a diagnostic tool
  • Initial observation and interpretation of cultures
  • Gross colony characteristics used to differentiate and presumptively identify microorganisms
  • Colonies with multiple characteristics
  • Growth of microorganisms in liquid media
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 9. Biochemical identification of gram-negative bacteria
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key terms
  • Carbohydrate utilization
  • Glucose metabolism and its metabolic products
  • Amino acid utilization
  • Miscellaneous tests
  • Manual multitest systems
  • Rapid and automated identification systems
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 10. Immunodiagnosis of infectious diseases
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key terms
  • Antibodies in serologic testing
  • Antigen detection
  • Principles of immunologic assays
  • Use of serologic testing in specific diseases
  • Direct antigen detection assays
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 11. Applications of molecular diagnostics
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key terms
  • Nucleic acid hybridization techniques
  • Nucleic acid amplification procedures
  • Strain typing and identification
  • Molecular diagnostics testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory
  • Nanomedicine
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 12. Antibacterial mechanisms of action and bacterial resistance mechanisms
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Antimicrobial targets and mechanisms of action
  • Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
  • β-Lactamase inhibitors
  • Dissemination of resistance determinants
  • Nanotechnology to deliver therapeutic agents
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 13. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Procedures in antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • Reasons and indications for performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests
  • Selecting antimicrobial agents for testing and reporting
  • Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility test methods
  • Interpretation of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test results
  • Automated antimicrobial susceptibility test methods
  • Quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility tests
  • Selecting an antimicrobial susceptibility test method
  • Special antimicrobial susceptibility tests
  • Minimum bactericidal concentration test
  • Time-kill assays
  • Synergy tests
  • Serum bactericidal test
  • Measurement of antimicrobial agents in serum and body fluids
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • Part 2: Laboratory identification of significant isolates
  • 14. Staphylococcus and similar organisms
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Clinically significant species
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility
  • Points To Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 15. Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and other catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Clinically significant streptococci and Streptococcus-like organisms
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Points to remember
  • Bibliography
  • 16. Aerobic gram-positive bacilli
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Non–spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-positive bacilli
  • Non–spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-negative bacilli
  • Non–spore-forming, branching, aerobic actinomycetes
  • Spore-forming, nonbranching, catalase-positive bacilli
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 17. Neisseria species and Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Pathogenic Neisseria species
  • Commensal Neisseria species
  • Points to remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 18. Haemophilus, HACEK group, Legionella, and other fastidious gram-negative bacilli
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Haemophilus
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • HACEK group
  • Capnocytophaga
  • Pasteurella
  • Brucella
  • Francisella
  • Legionella
  • Bordetella
  • Bibliography
  • 19. Enterobacterales
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Opportunistic members of the order Enterobacterales and associated infections
  • Primary pathogens in the order Enterobacterales
  • Other genera of the order Enterobacterales
  • Laboratory diagnosis of the Enterobacterales
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 20. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Campylobacter-like species
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Vibrio
  • Aeromonas
  • Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like species
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 21. Nonfermenting and miscellaneous gram-negative bacilli
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics of nonfermenters
  • Clinically significant nonfermentative, gram-negative bacilli
  • Less commonly encountered nonfermentative, gram-negative bacilli
  • Bibliography
  • 22. Anaerobes of clinical importance
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Important concepts in anaerobic bacteriology
  • Frequently encountered anaerobes and their associated diseases
  • Specimen selection, collection, transport, and processing
  • Procedures for identifying anaerobic isolates
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • Treatment of anaerobe-associated diseases
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 23. The spirochetes
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key terms
  • Leptospira
  • Treponemes
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 24. Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and similar organisms
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Chlamydiaceae
  • Rickettsiaceae and similar organisms
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 25. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
  • Chapter Outline
  • KEY TERMS
  • General characteristics
  • Clinical infections
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility
  • Interpretation of laboratory results
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 26. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Clinical significance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Isolation and identification of mycobacteria
  • Susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • 27. Medically significant fungi
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General characteristics
  • Taxonomy
  • Mycoses
  • Clinically significant species
  • Laboratory diagnosis of fungi
  • Immunodiagnosis of fungal disease
  • Antifungal susceptibility
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning assessment questions
  • Bibliography
  • 28. Diagnostic parasitology
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts in parasitology laboratory methods
  • Medically important parasitic agents
  • Bibliography
  • 29. Clinical virology
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Characteristics of viruses
  • Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
  • Double-stranded DNA viruses
  • Single-stranded DNA viruses
  • Double-stranded RNA viruses
  • Single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Hepatitis viruses
  • Prions
  • Treatment and management of viral infections
  • Bibliography
  • 30. Agents of bioterror and forensic microbiology
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Bioterrorism readiness and the clinical laboratory
  • Laboratory response network
  • General characteristics of biological threat agents
  • Biosafety
  • Biosafety levels
  • Agents of bioterror
  • Other biological agents and toxins
  • Pandemic preparedness and bioterrorism readiness
  • Concluding thoughts
  • Forensic microbiology
  • Bibliography
  • 31. Biofilms: architects of disease
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Microbial biofilms defined
  • Architecture of biofilms
  • Biofilm properties
  • Mechanisms of pathogenicity
  • Diseases associated with biofilms
  • Laboratory consequences associated with biofilms
  • Detection of biofilms and in vitro formation
  • Potential interventions
  • Points to Remember
  • Learning Assessment Questions
  • Bibliography
  • Part 3: Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases: an organ system approach to diagnostic microbiology
  • 32. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract
  • Host risk factors
  • Virulence factors of pathogenic organisms
  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Lower respiratory tract infections
  • Respiratory tract infections in the immunocompromised host
  • Bioterrorism and respiratory infections
  • Bibliography
  • 33. Skin and soft tissue infections
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the skin
  • Localized bacterial and fungal skin infections
  • Dermatologic manifestations of systemic bacterial and fungal infections
  • Viral infections
  • Parasitic infections
  • Immune- or toxin-mediated dermatologic manifestations of infectious agents
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Bibliography
  • 34. Gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomic considerations
  • Approach to diagnosis of the patient with diarrhea
  • Clinical presentation and pathogenic mechanisms of acute diarrhea
  • Common viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens
  • Diarrhea in special circumstances
  • Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens
  • Treatment and prevention of diarrhea
  • Bibliography
  • 35. Infections of the central nervous system
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts related to infections of the central nervous system
  • Central nervous system infections
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Bibliography
  • 36. Bacteremia and sepsis
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts related to bacteremic infections
  • Epidemiology
  • Causes
  • Pathogenesis
  • Clinical aspects of bacteremia
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Bibliography
  • 37. Urinary tract infections
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Introduction
  • Anatomic considerations
  • Epidemiology and risk factors
  • Clinical signs and symptoms
  • Causes of urinary tract infections
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Microbial detection
  • Interpretation of results
  • Susceptibility reporting
  • Bibliography
  • 38. Genital infections and sexually transmitted infections
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Urethritis
  • Cervicitis
  • Vulvovaginitis
  • Genital ulcer disease
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • Other sexually transmitted diseases
  • Points to Remember
  • Bibliography
  • 39. Infections in special populations
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Healthcare-associated infections
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • Malignancy
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • Complement deficiency
  • Burns
  • Organ transplantation
  • Postsplenectomy sepsis
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Diabetes
  • Aging
  • Pregnancy, the fetus, and the neonate
  • Bibliography
  • 40. Zoonotic diseases
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Transmission by scratches and bites from domestic or wild animals
  • Transmission by direct contact or inhalation
  • Transmission by arthropod vectors
  • Viral zoonotic diseases
  • Emerging zoonoses
  • Bibliography
  • 41. Ocular infections
  • Chapter Outline
  • Key Terms
  • General concepts related to ocular infections
  • Infections of the conjunctivae
  • Infections of the eyelids
  • Infections of the cornea
  • Infections of the sclera and episclera
  • Infections of the orbit
  • Infections of the lacrimal apparatus
  • Infections of the intraocular chambers
  • Retinitis
  • Biofilm-centered ocular infections
  • Laboratory diagnosis of ocular infections
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix A. Answers to learning assessment questions
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
  • Chapter 23
  • Chapter 24
  • Chapter 25
  • Chapter 26
  • Chapter 27
  • Chapter 28
  • Chapter 29
  • Chapter 30
  • Chapter 31
  • Chapter 32
  • Chapter 33
  • Chapter 34
  • Chapter 35
  • Chapter 36
  • Chapter 37
  • Chapter 38
  • Chapter 39
  • Chapter 40
  • Chapter 41
  • Appendix B. Selected bacteriologic culture media
  • Alkaline peptone water
  • American Trudeau Society medium
  • Amies transport with and without charcoal
  • Bacteroides bile esculin agar
  • Bile esculin agar
  • Bismuth sulfite agar
  • Blood agar, anaerobic, CDC
  • Blood agar, anaerobic, with kanamycin and vancomycin
  • Blood agar, rabbit
  • Blood agar, sheep
  • Bordet-Gengou blood agar
  • Brain-heart infusion broth
  • Brucella laked sheep blood agar, anaerobic, with kanamycin, vancomycin, and vitamin K
  • Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
  • Burkholderia cepacia agar
  • Burkholderia cepacia selective agar
  • Cary-Blair transport medium
  • Campylobacter blood agar
  • Campylobacter charcoal differential agar
  • Campylobacter thioglycolate broth
  • Cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin
  • Cetrimide agar
  • Chocolate agar
  • CHROMagars
  • Citrate agar, Simmons
  • Columbia agar with and without 5% sheep blood
  • Columbia agar with colistin nalidixic acid
  • Cooked meat (chopped meat glucose) medium
  • Cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar
  • Cystine-glucose blood agar
  • Cystine tryptic agar with sugar
  • Decarboxylase test medium (Moeller)
  • Deoxyribonuclease test agar
  • Egg yolk agar
  • Eosin–methylene blue agar
  • Esculin agar
  • Fletcher semi-solid medium for Leptospira
  • GC-Lect agar
  • Gram-negative broth
  • Haemophilus test medium
  • Hektoen enteric agar
  • Kligler iron agar
  • Lim broth
  • Loeffler medium
  • Löwenstein-Jensen medium
  • Löwenstein-Jensen medium (Gruft modification)
  • Lysine iron agar
  • MacConkey agar
  • MacConkey sorbitol agar
  • Malonate broth
  • Mannitol salt agar
  • Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer medium
  • Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agars
  • Mitchison 7H11 selective agar
  • Motility test medium
  • Mueller-Hinton agar
  • Mueller-Hinton agar with 2% NaCl
  • Mueller-Hinton agar with 4% NaCl and 6 µg/mL oxacillin
  • Mycobactosel L-J medium
  • New York City medium
  • Nitrate broth
  • Nutrient agar
  • Oxidative-fermentative medium (Hugh and Leifson formulation)
  • Oxidative-fermentative base, polymyxin B, bacitracin, lactose agar
  • Phenylalanine deaminase agar
  • Phenylethyl alcohol agar
  • Tellurite blood agar
  • PPLO agar
  • Regan-Lowe medium
  • Salmonella-Shigella agar
  • Schaedler agar
  • Selenite broth
  • Sodium chloride broth, 6.5%
  • SP-4 broth and SP-4 agar
  • Streptococcus-selective agar
  • Tetrathionate broth
  • Thayer-Martin, modified agar
  • Thioglycollate broth, basal and enriched
  • Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar
  • Tinsdale agar
  • Todd-Hewitt broth with gentamicin and nalidixic acid
  • Triple sugar iron agar
  • Trypticase soy agar
  • Trypticase soy broth
  • Tryptophan broth, 1%
  • Urea agar and broth
  • Vaginalis agar
  • Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar
  • Appendix C. Selected mycology culture media and stains
  • Fungal media
  • Fungal mounting fluids
  • Fungal stains
  • Appendix D. Selected procedures
  • Glossary
  • Index