Περιεχόμενα
Contents
Dedication
Preface
Foreward: Climate Change and the Pandemic
Acknoledgements
The Editors
The Contributors
Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health…xxi
Jay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen, and Hanna Lindstadt
Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science…1
Christopher K. Uejio, James D. Tamerius, Yoonjung Ahn, and Elaina Gonsoroski
Scientific Consensus
Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change and Scientific Theory
Energy Balance
Evidence of a Changing Climate
Projected Future Climate Changes
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2 Climate Related Disasters: The Role of Prevention for Managing Health Risk…25
Mark E Keim
Introduction
Global Trends
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General
Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to Hazard
Managing the Health Risk of Climate-Related Disasters
Summary
References
Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat…47
Xiangmei (May) Wu and Rupa Basu
Introduction
Heat-Triggered Health Effects
Factors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure
Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases…67
Jan C. Semenza
Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change
Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change
Adaptation Strategies
Summary
Acknowledgment
Online Resources
References
Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality…93
Kim Knowlton an Vijay S. Limaye
Climate Change and Air Quality
Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change
Wildfires
Drought
Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health
Mold and Fungi
Air Pollution- Vulnerable Populations
Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air Pollution
Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Assoicated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution
Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability
Conclusion
Online Resources
References
Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms…115
J.S Metcalf and N.R. Souza
Introduction
Toxic Producing Groups of Algae
Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins
How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins?
Long-Term Solutions and Remediation
Emerging Questions and Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective…131
Lewis H. Ziska and Kristie L. Ebi
Introduction
Direct Consequences
Indirect Consequences
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases…151
Andrea G. Buchwald, Jada F. Garofalo, Kenneth L. Gage, Charles B. Beard, and Rosemary Rochford
Arboviruses
Malaria
Lyme Disease in the United States
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All…171
Cristina Tirado
Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition
Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks
Integrated Multisectoral Adapation for Malnutrition
Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health…187
Salma M. Abdalla, Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea
Overview
Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms
High Ambient Temperature and Heatwaves
Natural Disasters
Forced Migration
Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict
Phsyical Health
A Disproportionate Burden
Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Worker Health…203
Miranda Dally and Lee S. Newman
Introduction
Hazards
Migrant Workers and Climate Change
Adaptation and Response
Worker, Family, and Societal Burden
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Women’s Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender…223
Tracy A. Cushing and Cecilia J. Sorensen
Introduction
Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women
Temperature
Air Quality
Climate-Related Disasters and Forced Migration
Food Insecurity
Water Scarcity
Infectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness
The Role of Women and Gener in Climate Change Policy and Planning
Summary
References
Chapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts…235
Kristopher B. Karnauskas
Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing
What Is a Global Climate Model?
Global Climate Models and Global Change Science
Summary and Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning…249
Peter Berry, Kristie L. Ebi, Rebekka Schnitter, Louise Aubin, and Sherilee Harper
Introduction
The Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on Health
Methods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future…267
Nikhil A. Ranadive and Jeremy J. Hess
A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projection Modeling
The Role of GCM Projections
The Role of Scenarios
Characterizations of Projected Exposures
Choosing and Quantifying Exposure-Outcome Associations
Projecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events
Comparisons and the Counterfactual
Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model
Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature
Characterization of Risk
Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change…289
Cecilia Martinez and Nicky Sheats
Introduction
Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice
Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice and Climate Change
Air Quality, Environmental Justice and Climate Change
Heat Waves, Environmental Justice and Climate Change
Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice
Indigenous Rights and Climate Change
Next Steps
Summary
References and Further Reading
Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication…307
Adam Corner, Chris Shaw, Stuart Capstick, and Nick Pidgeon
Introduction
Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principle of Climate Change Communication
Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change
Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Piublic Health
Summary
References and Further Reading
Chapter 18 International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation
Kristie L. Ebi
Introduction
Historical Perspective
International Framework for Adaptation
Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options
NAPAs and NAPs
Adaptation Option
Summary
References
Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies…343
Elizabeth J. Carlton, Amber S. Khan, and Justin V. Remais
Introduction
Climate Mitigation
Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation
Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector
Challenges and Considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 20 International Institutions and Global Governance on Climate Change…365
Ambereen K. Shaffie
Introduction
Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies
International Governance Structures Addressing Climate Mitigation
An Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate Nexus
Climate Negotiations
Conclusion
References and Further Reading
Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health…393
Alison Blaiklock, Carmel Williams, and Rhys Jones
Introduction
What are Human Rights?
What is the Right to Health?
Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to Health
Unjust Disparities
Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate Crisis
Summary
References
Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction…407
Virginia Murray, Debra Parkinson, and Ellen Bloomer
Overview
Climate-Related Disasters and Their Impacts
The 2015 UN Landmark Agreements
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
WHO’s Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework
Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework
Summary
References
Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration
Craig Spencer, Amit Chandra, and Micaela Y. Arthur
Introduction
The Decision to Migrate
Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective
International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection
Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration
Summary
Online Resources
References
Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health…433
Allison Crimmins
Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health?
Economic Valuation
Economic Models
Exmaples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change
Summary
References
Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience…455
Caitlin S. Rublee, Emilie Calvello Hynes and John M. Balbus
Introduction
Definitions
Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems
Natural Systems and Resources
International Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience
Green and Resilient Health Care
Case Studies
Econimics and Equity
Research Needs
Summary
References
Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement…477
Amy Collins, Shanda Demorest, and Sarah Spengeman
Introduction
Social Movements
Advocacy within the Health Care Sector
Clinically Sustainable Health Care
Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change
Encouraging Trends
Summary
Online Resources
References
Chapter 27 Specific Impacts Upon Human Health…497
Caleb Dresser and Satchit Balsari
Introduction
Cardiovascular Disease
Respiratory Disease
Pneumonic Plague
Pulmonary Hantavirus
Renal Disease
Neurologic Disease
Reproductive Health and Disease
Ocular Disease
Hematology and Oncology
Psychiatric Disease
Dermatologic Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Endocrine Disease
Multisystem Heat-Related Illness
Infectious Disease, Immunology and Toxicology
Summary
References
Chapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity…521
Richard Salkowe and Mark R. Hafen
Introduction Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss
Historical Perspective
Biodiversity loss in the 21st Century
Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
Polar Ocean Ecosystems
Coastal Ecosystems
Rainforest Ecosystems
Desert Ecosystems
Mountain Ecosystems
Summary
References
Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services…537
Lydia Olander, Sara Mason, Heather Tallis, Joleah Lamb, Yuta J. Masuda and Randall Kramer
What are Ecosystem Services?
How does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health?
Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health
Summary
References
Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska…561
Micah Hahn
Introduction
Environmental Change in Alaska
How is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States?
Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska
OneHealth
Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska
Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska
Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate…583
Hanna Linstadt, Cecilia J. Sorensen and Morgan D. Bazilian
Introduction
Current Trends in Global Energy Supply
The Energy Transition and Climate Change
Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs
Clean Energy Transitions and Health
Conclusion
References
Loss of Coral Reefs…591
Carolyn Sotka
The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action…600
Shanda Demorset
Glossary
Index
