Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
Contributorsxxv
Introduction: What is the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance? xxix
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
What Does ‘Edgewise’ Mean xxix
What Does ‘Preadjusted’ Mean xxxiv
Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance Components xxxix
Bracket Design Features xl
Bracket Positioning xliii
Stages of Treatment xliv
Conclusion xliv
References xliv
Part I Principles 1
1 Principles of Treatment Planning 3
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
Introduction 3
Patient Concerns 4
Patient Motivation and Compliance 4
Handling Patient Expectations 4
Medical History 6
General Dental Health 6
Previous Orthodontic Treatment 7
Treatment Timing: When Should Treatment be Undertaken? 7
Problem List 9
Treatment Aims 11
Presenting the Treatment Options 14
How do we decide whether or not to Extract Teeth? 15
Space Analysis and Space Planning 17
Informed Consent 21
What Should be Included in a Treatment Plan 23
Treatment Mechanics 23
References 26
2 Principles of Orthodontic Biomechanics 29
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
Introduction 29
Basic Concepts and Principles 30
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Static Equilibrium 38
Displacement of Rigid Bodies 39
Control of Tooth Movement 41
Types of Tooth Movement 44
Clinical Applications and Relevance 47
Conclusion 54
References 55
3 Anchorage 57
Zaid B. Al-Bitar
Introduction 57
Anchorage Value 59
Assessment of Anchorage Need 61
Classifications of Anchorage 61
Anchorage Control with Fixed Appliances 62
Anchorage Creation 73
Anchorage Loss 74
References 75
4 Consent 79
Gavin J. Mack
Introduction 79
Types of Consent 80
Valid Consent 80
Withdrawal of Consent 81
Treatment Options 81
Key Factors to be Communicated with Patients 82
Treatment Benefits 83
Treatment Risks 84
Effective Communication 88
Conclusions 89
References 90
5 Dentolegal Aspects of Orthodontic Treatment 93
Alison Williams
Introduction 93
Advertising 94
The Initial Consultation 94
Pretreatment Records 97
Dentolegal and Ethical Issues that may Arise During Treatment Planning 99
Obtaining Consent 100
Dentolegal Issues Arising During Active Orthodontic Treatment 102
Retention 106
Relapse 107
Duty of Candour 107
Responding to a Complaint 108
References 109
Part II The Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 111
6 BracketDesign 113
Chris D. Donaldson
The Origins of Fixed Appliance Bracket Design 113
Preadjusted Edgewise Straight-wire Appliance 117
Straight-wire Appliance: Bracket Prescriptions 121
Straight-wire Appliance: Bracket Modifications 129
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
7 Bracket Placement 137
Hemendranath V. Shah, Daljit S. Gill, and Farhad B. Naini
Introduction 137
Design Features of Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance Brackets 137
Direct versus Indirect Bonding 140
Direct Bonding Technique 141
Indirect Bonding Technique 142
Banding Molars and Premolars 143
Tips for Bracket Selection in Certain Situations 145
References 146
8 Bonding in Orthodontics 147
Declan Millett
History 147
Bonding Procedure 148
Bonding to Artificial Substrates 151
Indirect Bonding 151
Bonding Adhesives 152
Health Risks Associated with Bonding 154
Effectiveness of Adhesives 154
Debonding 156
Bonded Retainers 157
Additional Uses of Bonding in Orthodontics 158
Future Possibilities of Orthodontic Bonding 158
Summary 158
Acknowledgements 159
Further Reading 159
References 159
9 Debonding 165
Lucy Davenport-Jones
Introduction 165
Preparation 166
Stainless Steel Brackets 166
Ceramic Brackets 166
Self-ligating Brackets 168
Lingual Appliances and Bite Turbos 168
Solvent Use 168
Electrothermal Debonding 168
Laser Debonding 168
Band Removal 169
Composite Resin Removal 169
Finishing Techniques 169
Iatrogenic Damage 171
Particulates 171
Conclusions 172
References 172
10 Archwires 175
Leila Khamashta-Ledezma
Introduction 175
Properties of Archwires 176
Archwire Shape and Arch Form 179
Archwire Materials 180
Aesthetic Archwires 185
Fatigue 187
Corrosion of Metal Alloys 188
Which is the Best Aligning Archwire or Archwire Sequence? 191
Pain from Initial Archwires 192
Root Resorption from Different Archwires 194
Allergy to Nickel 195
Acknowledgements 197
References 197
11 The Use of Auxiliaries in Orthodontics 203
Andrew T. DiBiase and Jonathan Sandler
Introduction 203
Anchorage and Space Management 203
Class II Correction 208
Tooth Movement 211
Conclusion 217
References 218
12 Optimising Fixed Appliance Treatment with Orthodontic Mini-implants 219
Richard R. J. Cousley
Introduction 219
OMI Advantages 220
OMI Disadvantages 220
Where Does OMI anchorage Come From? 221
Anchorage Options: Direct Versus Indirect 223
Key Clinical Steps Involved in OMI Usage with Fixed Appliances 226
Three-dimensional Anchorage Applications 228
References 231
13 Care of Fixed Appliances 235
Nazan Adali, Daljit S. Gill, and Farhad B. Naini
Introduction 235
Before Fixed Appliance Treatment 236
During Fixed Appliance Treatment 237
After Fixed Appliance Treatment 245
Conclusions 245
References 245
Part III Stages of Treatment with Preadjusted Edgewise Appliances 247
14 Alignment and Levelling 249
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
Introduction 249
Anchorage Requirements and Preparation 250
Arch Form 255
Tooth Movement with Preadjusted Fixed Appliances 256
Alignment 257
Levelling 293
Conclusion 294
References 294
15 Controlled Space Closure 297
Daljit S. Gill and Farhad B. Naini
Introduction 297
At Completion of Alignment and Levelling 298
Objectives during Space Closure 298
Classification of Anchorage 299
Types of Space Closure 299
Sliding Mechanics with the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 300
Frictionless Mechanics with the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 306
Monitoring Space Closure 308
Conclusion 309
References 309
16 Finishing 311
Mohammad Owaise Sharif and Stephen M. Chadwick
Introduction 311
Aims and Objectives of Orthodontic Treatment 312
Common Errors Encountered at the Finishing Stages of Treatment 312
Efficient Finishing: the Importance of Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 317
Conclusion 318
References 318
17 Retention 321
Simon J. Littlewood
Introduction 321
Historical background 322
Aetiology of Post-treatment Changes 323
Reducing Relapse During Treatment 324
Choice of Retainers 324
Fixed Retainers 324
Removable Retainers 327
Responsibilities in Retention 329
Conclusions 329
Acknowledgements 329
References 329
Part IV Management of Malocclusions with Preadjusted Edgewise Appliances 331
18 Management of Class II Malocclusions 333
Martyn T. Cobourne and Mithran S. Goonewardene
Introduction 333
Management Options 334
Growth Modification 336
Orthodontic Camouflage 342
Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery 356
References 356
19 Management of Class III Malocclusions 359
Grant T. McIntyre
Introduction 359
Treatment Timing for Class III Malocclusion in Relation to Facial Growth 360
Comprehensive, Camouflage or Compromise Treatment for Class III Cases 362
Managing the Class III Surgical/Orthodontic Patient with Fixed Appliances 366
Class III Malocclusion Occurring with Cleft Lip and/or Palate 370
References 370
20 Management of Deep Incisor Overbite 371
Farhad B. Naini, Daljit S. Gill, and Umberto Garagiola
Introduction 371
Aetiology 372
Indications for Treatment 373
Considerations in Treatment Planning 374
Methods of Overbite Reduction 375
Appliances and Techniques for Overbite Reduction 376
Stability of Overbite Correction 382
Conclusion 384
References 384
21 Management of Anterior Open Bite 385
Chung H. Kau and Tim S. Trulove
Introduction 385
Prevalence and Incidence 385
Aetiology 385
Characteristics 388
Clinical Treatment 389
Retention and Stability 394
Conclusion 394
References 394
22 Management of the Transverse Dimension 397
Lucy Davenport-Jones
Introduction 397
Crossbites 398
Indications for Maxillary Expansion 398
Removable Appliances 399
Functional Appliances 400
Aligners 400
Fixed Appliances 400
Mid-Palatal Suture 404
Surgical Expansion 409
Retention 411
References 411
Part V Appendices 413
Appendix 1 Orthodontic Instruments 415
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
Appendix 2 Orthodontic Elastics and Elastomeric Materials 423
Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. Gill
Introduction 423
Intraoral Elastic Configurations 423
Points of Application 424
Instructions for Use of Intraoral Elastics 424
Elastomeric Materials 425
Index 427
