Contributors and Reviewers
Chapter 1. Orientation to Pharmacology
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL DRUG
THE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVE
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE INTENSITY OF DRUG RESPONSES
Chapter 2. Application of Pharmacology in Nursing Practice
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES REGARDING DRUGS
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOLOGY IN PATIENT CARE
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOLOGY IN PATIENT EDUCATION
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT MEASUREMENT MODEL IN DRUG THERAPY
Chapter 3. Drug Regulation, Development, Names, and Information
LANDMARK DRUG LEGISLATION
SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
Unit II. Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Chapter 4. Pharmacokinetics
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS IN THERAPEUTICS
PASSAGE OF DRUGS ACROSS MEMBRANES
TIME COURSE OF DRUG RESPONSES
Chapter 5. Pharmacodynamics
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
DRUG RESPONSES THAT DO NOT INVOLVE RECEPTORS
INTERPATIENT VARIABILITY IN DRUG RESPONSES
Chapter 6. Drug Interactions
DRUG-FOOD AND DRUG-SUPPLEMENT INTERACTIONS
Chapter 7. Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors
Chapter 8. Individual Variation in Drug Responses
ALTERATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY
VARIABILITY IN ABSORPTION
GENETICS, SEX, AND ANCESTRY
COMORBIDITIES AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
FAILURE TO TAKE MEDICINE AS PRESCRIBED
Chapter 9. Genetic and Genomic Considerations
GENETIC VARIANTS THAT ALTER DRUG METABOLISM
GENETIC AND PHARMACOGENOMICS TODAY
Chapter 10. Introduction to Immunomodulators
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES “mAbs”
TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS “NIBS”
PROTEASOME INHIBITORS “MIBS
CONCLUSION: IMMUNOTHERAPY OF THE FUTURE
Unit III. Drug Therapy Across The Lifespan
Chapter 11. Drug Therapy During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
DRUG THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
DRUG THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY: TERATOGENESIS AND OTHER RISKS
DRUG THERAPY DURING BREASTFEEDING
Chapter 12. Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients
DRUG THERAPY IN CHILDREN: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS: NEONATES AND INFANTS
PHARMACOKINETICS: CHILDREN 1 YEAR AND OLDER
MANAGING DRUG THERAPY IN THE GROWING PEDIATRIC PATIENT
Chapter 13. Drug Therapy in Older Adults
PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC CHANGES IN OLDER ADULTS
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
THE PROBLEM OF NONADHERENCE
CONSIDERATIONS FOR END-OF-LIFE CARE
Unit IV. Peripheral Nervous System Drugs
Chapter 14. Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND THE ACTIONS OF NEURONS
BASIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS ACT
SELECTIVITY OF DRUG ACTION AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Chapter 15. Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System
OVERVIEW OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES
TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF RECEPTOR SUBTYPES
Locations of Receptor Subtypes
FUNCTIONS OF CHOLINERGIC AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES
Chapter 16. Muscarinic Agonists
OTHER MUSCARINIC AGONISTS
TOXICOLOGY OF MUSCARINIC AGONISTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 17. Muscarinic Antagonists
MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS (ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS)
OTHER MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS
DRUGS FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER
TOXICOLOGY OF MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 18. Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Their Use in Myasthenia Gravis
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
PYRIDOSTIGMINE, A REVERSIBLE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR
OTHER REVERSIBLE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
ACUTE TOXICITY WITH CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
IRREVERSIBLE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
TOXICOLOGY OF IRREVERSIBLE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 19. Drugs That Block Nicotinic Cholinergic Transmission
PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
THERAPEUTIC USES OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS
COMPETITIVE (NONDEPOLARIZING) NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL COMPETITIVE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS
SUCCINYLCHOLINE, A DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 20. Adrenergic Agonists
MECHANISMS OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ACTIVATION
OVERVIEW OF THE ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ACTIVATION
OTHER ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 21. Adrenergic Antagonists
ALPHA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS: THERAPEUTIC RESPONSES TO ALPHA BLOCKADE
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALPHA BLOCKADE
PRAZOSIN: PROTOTYPE FOR ALPHA BLOCKERS
BETA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS: THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF BETA BLOCKADE
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BETA BLOCKADE
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL BETA BLOCKERS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 22. Indirect-Acting Antiadrenergic Agents
CENTRALLY ACTING α2 AGONISTS
CLONIDINE: PROTOTYPE FOR CENTRALLY ACTING α2 AGONISTS
OTHER CENTRALLY ACTING α2 AGONISTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Unit V. Central Nervous System Drugs
Chapter 23. Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology
OVERVIEW OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING NEW PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
APPROACHING THE STUDY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Chapter 24. Drugs for Parkinson Disease
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON DISEASE
OVERVIEW OF MOTOR SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUGS USED FOR MOTOR SYMPTOMS
NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 25. Drugs for Alzheimer Disease
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE
RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS
DRUGS FOR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
MEMANTINE, AN N-METHYL-d-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
ADUCANUMAB, A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
DRUGS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 26. Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS I: IMMUNOMODULATORS
DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS II: IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
DRUGS USED TO MANAGE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS SYMPTOMS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 27. Drugs for Seizure Disorders
HOW ANTISEIZURE DRUGS WORK
BASIC THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTISEIZURE DRUGS: FIRST GENERATION AND NEW GENERATION
PHENYTOIN: PROTOTYPE FOR FIRST-GENERATION ANTISEIZURE DRUGS
OXCARBAZEPINE: PROTOTYPE FOR NEW-GENERATION ANTISEIZURE DRUGS
MANAGEMENT OF GENERALIZED CONVULSIVE STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 28. Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity
BACLOFEN: PROTOTYPE FOR CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXERS FOR SPASTICITY
DANTROLENE: PROTOTYPE FOR DIRECT-ACTING MUSCLE RELAXERS
DRUGS FOR LOCALIZED MUSCLE SPASM
CYCLOBENZAPRINE: PROTOTYPE FOR CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANT FOR LOCALIZED SPASM
OTHER CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 29. Local Anesthetics
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL LOCAL ANESTHETICS
CLINICAL USE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 30. General Anesthetics
INHALATION ANESTHETICS BASIC PHARMACOLOGY AND USAGE PRINCIPLES
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL INHALATION ANESTHETICS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 31. Opioid Analgesics, Opioid Antagonists, and Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics
OTHER STRONG OPIOID AGONISTS
MODERATE TO STRONG OPIOID AGONISTS
AGONIST-ANTAGONIST OPIOIDS
TRAMADOL: A NONOPIOID CENTRALLY ACTING ANALGESIC
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 32. Pain Management in Patients With Cancer
ASSESSMENT AND ONGOING EVALUATION
PAIN MANAGEMENT IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Chapter 33. Drugs for Headache
MIGRAINE HEADACHE: ABORTIVE THERAPY
SEROTONIN1B/1D RECEPTOR AGONISTS (TRIPTANS)
SEROTONIN1F RECEPTOR AGONIST: LASMIDITAN
CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
MIGRAINE: PREVENTIVE THERAPY
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 34. Antipsychotic Agents and Their Use in Schizophrenia
SCHIZOPHRENIA: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND ETIOLOGY
FIRST-GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) ANTIPSYCHOTICS
SECOND-GENERATION (ATYPICAL) ANTIPSYCHOTICS
DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTIC PREPARATIONS
MANAGEMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 35. Antidepressants
MAJOR DEPRESSION: CLINICAL FEATURES, PATHOGENESIS, AND TREATMENT OVERVIEW
DRUGS USED FOR DEPRESSION—BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
SEROTONIN/NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS
NONCONVENTIONAL DRUGS FOR DEPRESSION (see Box 35.1)
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 36. Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS: LITHIUM
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 37. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
BENZODIAZEPINE-LIKE DRUGS
RAMELTEON: A MELATONIN AGONIST
SUVOREXANT: AN OREXIN ANTAGONIST
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 38. Management of Anxiety Disorders
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT
PANIC DISORDER: CHARACTERISTICS
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Chapter 39. Central Nervous System Stimulants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
METHYLPHENIDATE AND DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE
MISCELLANEOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS—MODAFINIL
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER—BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
DRUGS USED FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER—CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
DRUGS USED FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER—NONSTIMULANTS—ATOMOXETINE
NONSTIMULANTS-α2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 40. Substance Use Disorders I: Basic Considerations
DEFINITIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
PRINCIPLES OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER TREATMENT
THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT
Chapter 41. Substance Use Disorders II: Alcohol
ALCOHOL: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS
ALCOHOL—OTHER PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS
TOLERANCE AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
DRUG INTERACTIONS, ALCOHOL OVERDOSE, AND PRECAUTIONS
DRUGS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER TO TREAT ACUTE WITHDRAWAL
DRUGS USED TO MAINTAIN ABSTINENCE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 42. Substance Use Disorders III: Nicotine
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE
AIDS TO SMOKING CESSATION
NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
NON-NICOTINE THERAPY: BUPROPION ER
Chapter 43. Substance Use Disorders IV: Major Drugs of Abuse Other Than Alcohol and Nicotine
GENERAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS—METHAMPHETAMINE
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS—SYNTHETIC CATHINONES
MARIJUANA AND RELATED PREPARATIONS
PSYCHEDELICS—D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
PSYCHEDELICS—MESCALINE, PSILOCIN, PSILOCYBIN, AND DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS—PHENCYCLIDINE
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS—KETAMINE
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS—DEXTROMETHORPHAN
3-,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (ECSTASY)
Unit VI. Drugs That Affect Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
INTRODUCTION TO DIURETICS
LOOP DIURETICS—FUROSEMIDE
THIAZIDES AND RELATED DIURETICS—HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS—SPIRONOLACTONE
OTHER POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS—TRIAMTERENE AND AMILORIDE
MANNITOL: AN OSMOTIC DIURETIC
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 45. Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids
DISORDERS OF FLUID VOLUME AND OSMOLALITY
Unit VII. Drugs That Affect The Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
Chapter 46. Review of Hemodynamics
OVERVIEW OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
Chapter 47. Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
ALISKIREN: A DIRECT RENIN INHIBITOR
ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS: EPLERENONE AND SPIRONOLACTONE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 48. Calcium Channel Blockers
CALCIUM CHANNELS: PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF BLOCKADE
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS: CLASSIFICATION AND SITES OF ACTION
NON-DIHYDROPYRIDINES: VERAPAMIL AND DILTIAZEM: AGENTS THAT ACT ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE AND THE HEART
DIHYDROPYRIDINES: AGENTS THAT ACT MAINLY ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE—NIFEDIPINE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
BASIC CONCEPTS IN VASODILATOR PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL VASODILATORS—HYDRALAZINE
INDIVIDUAL VASODILATORS—MINOXIDIL
INDIVIDUAL VASODILATORS—SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Chapter 50. Drugs for Hypertension
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN HYPERTENSION
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION
TREATMENT GOALS AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
REVIEW OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
CLASSES OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYPERTENSION DRUG THERAPY
DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES
DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 51. Drugs for Heart Failure
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
OVERVIEW OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT HEART FAILURE—DIURETICS
OVERVIEW OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT HEART FAILURE—DRUGS THAT INHIBIT THE RAAS
OVERVIEW OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT HEART FAILURE: ADDITIONAL DRUG CLASSES
DIGOXIN: A CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIGOXIN
VARICIGUAT: A NOVEL SOLUBLE GUANYLATE CYCLASE STIMULATOR
MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 52. Antidysrhythmic Drugs
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART
GENERATION OF DYSRHYTHMIAS
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS AND THEIR PRODYSRHYTHMIC EFFECTS
OVERVIEW OF COMMON DYSRHYTHMIAS AND THEIR TREATMENT
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUG THERAPY
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS—CLASS I: SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
CLASS III: POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS (DRUGS THAT DELAY REPOLARIZATION)
CLASS IV: CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
OTHER ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 53. Drugs That Help Normalize Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels
CHOLESTEROL AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS
ROLE OF LDL CHOLESTEROL IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS
2018 ACC/AHA GUIDELINES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
DRUGS AND OTHER PRODUCTS USED TO IMPROVE PLASMA LIPID LEVELS—HMG-CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS (STATINS)
BILE-ACID SEQUESTRANTS—COLESEVELAM
FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES (FIBRATES)—GEMFIBROZIL
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN TYPE 9 INHIBITORS)
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE-CITRASE LYASE INHIBITORS
PLANT STANOL AND STEROL ESTERS AND CHOLESTIN
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 54. Drugs for Angina Pectoris
DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC OXYGEN DEMAND AND OXYGEN SUPPLY
ANGINA PECTORIS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT STRATEGY
ORGANIC NITRATES—NITROGLYCERIN
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 55. Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Drugs
COAGULATION: PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY—HEMOSTASIS
COAGULATION: PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY—THROMBOSIS
OVERVIEW OF DRUGS FOR THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS
ANTICOAGULANTS—HEPARIN (UNFRACTIONATED)
LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARINS
WARFARIN: A VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST
DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS: DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE
DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS—BIVALIRUDIN
DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS: DIRECT FACTOR XA INHIBITORS—RIVAROXABAN
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS—ASPIRIN
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS: P2Y12 ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS—CLOPIDOGREL
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS: PROTEASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-1 ANTAGONISTS—VORAPAXAR
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS: GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
THROMBOLYTIC (FIBRINOLYTIC) DRUGS—ALTEPLASE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 56. Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF STEMI
Chapter 57. Drugs for Hemophilia
PREPARATIONS USED TO TREAT HEMOPHILIA—FACTOR VIII CONCENTRATES
PREPARATIONS USED TO TREAT HEMOPHILIA—FACTOR IX CONCENTRATES
MANAGING PATIENTS WHO DEVELOP INHIBITORS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 58. Drugs for Deficiency Anemias
RED BLOOD CELL DEVELOPMENT
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRON
IRON DEFICIENCY: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND DIAGNOSIS
FERROUS IRON SALTS—FERROUS SULFATE
PARENTERAL IRON PREPARATIONS—IRON DEXTRAN
GUIDELINES FOR TREATING IRON DEFICIENCY
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF VITAMIN B12
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND DIAGNOSIS
VITAMIN B12 PREPARATIONS: CYANOCOBALAMIN
GUIDELINES FOR TREATING VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FOLIC ACID
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND DIAGNOSIS
GUIDELINES FOR TREATING FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 59. Hematopoietic Agents
HEMATOPOIETIC AND ERYTHROPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
EPOETIN ALFA (ERYTHROPOIETIN)
DARBEPOETIN ALFA (ERYTHROPOIETIN, LONG ACTING)
LEUKOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS: FILGRASTIM (GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR)
SARGRAMOSTIM (GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR)
THROMBOPOIETIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS—ROMIPLOSTIM
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Unit VIII. Drugs for Endocrine Disorders
Chapter 60. Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus
Oral Medications for the Management of Diabetes
Noninsulin Injectable Agents for the Management of Diabetes
Acute Complications of Poor Glycemic Control
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 61. Drugs for Thyroid Disorders
THYROID PATHOPHYSIOLOGY—HYPOTHYROIDISM
THYROID PATHOPHYSIOLOGY—HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROID HORMONE PREPARATIONS FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM—LEVOTHYROXINE (T4)
DRUGS FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM—METHIMAZOLE
NONRADIOACTIVE IODINE: LUGOL SOLUTION
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 62. Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function
OVERVIEW OF HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY ENDOCRINOLOGY
GROWTH HORMONE: PHYSIOLOGY
GROWTH HORMONE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GROWTH HORMONE: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (VASOPRESSIN)
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 63. Drugs for Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES: HORMONE EXCESS
ADRENAL HORMONE INSUFFICIENCY
AGENTS FOR REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
AGENTS FOR DIAGNOSING ADRENOCORTICAL DISORDERS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Unit IX. Reproductive Health
Chapter 64. Estrogens and Progestins: Basic Pharmacology and Noncontraceptive Applications
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF ESTROGENS
MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY
FEMALE SEXUAL INTEREST/AROUSAL DISORDER
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 65. Birth Control
EFFECTIVENESS OF BIRTH CONTROL METHODS AND SELECTING A BIRTH CONTROL METHOD
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES—COMBINATION PRODUCTS
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES—PROGESTIN-ONLY ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
COMBINATION CONTRACEPTIVES WITH NOVEL DELIVERY SYSTEMS
LONG-ACTING CONTRACEPTIVES—SUBDERMAL ETONOGESTREL IMPLANTS
LONG-ACTING CONTRACEPTIVES: DEPOT MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE
LONG-ACTING CONTRACEPTIVES: INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
DRUGS FOR MEDICAL ABORTION
Summary of Major Nursing Implicationsfn1a
Chapter 66. Drug Therapy for Infertility
INFERTILITY: CAUSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES
DRUGS USED TO TREAT FEMALE INFERTILITY
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 67. Drugs That Affect Uterine Function
DRUGS FOR CERVICAL RIPENING AND INDUCTION OF LABOR
DRUGS FOR POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ANDROGENS
ANDROGEN PREPARATIONS FOR MALE HYPOGONADISM
ANABOLIC STEROID USE DISORDER
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 69. Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
ORAL DRUGS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
NONORAL DRUGS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
DRUG THERAPY FOR PREMATURE EJACULATION
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
DRUG THERAPY FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
Summary of Major Nursing Implicationsa
Chapter 70. Transgender Health
TRANSGENDER HEALTH OVERVIEW
CONSIDERATIONS FOR GENDER-AFFIRMATION TREATMENT
INITIATING THERAPY DURING ADOLESCENCE
GENDER-AFFIRMING HORMONE THERAPY FOR TRANSGENDER ADOLESCENTS
GENDER-AFFIRMING HORMONE THERAPY FOR ADULTS
MEDICATIONS FOR TRANSITIONING
Unit X. Anti-Inflammatory, Antiallergic, and Immunologic Drugs
Chapter 71. Review of the Immune System
INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (HUMORAL) IMMUNITY
Chapter 72. Childhood Immunization
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—MEASLES, MUMPS, AND RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXOIDS AND ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CONJUGATE VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—VARICELLA VIRUS VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—HEPATITIS B VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—HEPATITIS A VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—ROTAVIRUS VACCINE
SPECIFIC VACCINES AND TOXOIDS—HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE
EXPERIMENTAL VACCINES—RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINE
Chapter 73. Immunosuppressants
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 74. Antihistamines
ANTIHISTAMINES: H1 ANTAGONISTS—BASIC PHARMACOLOGY
HISTAMINE1 ANTAGONISTS II: PREPARATIONS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 75. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS
FIRST-GENERATION NSAIDS—ASPIRIN
NONASPIRIN FIRST-GENERATION NSAIDS
NONACETYLATED SALICYLATES: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE, SODIUM SALICYLATE, AND SALSALATE
SECOND-GENERATION NSAIDS (COX-2 INHIBITORS, COXIBS)—CELECOXIB
AHA STATEMENT ON THE USE OF COX INHIBITORS FOR CHRONIC PAIN
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 76. Glucocorticoids in Nonendocrine Disorders
REVIEW OF GLUCOCORTICOID PHYSIOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Unit XI. Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders
Chapter 77. Drug Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
CLASSES OF ANTIARTHRITIC DRUGS
NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
CONVENTIONAL (TRADITIONAL) DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS
BIOLOGIC DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS
TARGETED DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS: JANUS KINASE INHIBITORS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 78. Drug Therapy for Gout
DRUGS FOR ACUTE GOUT FLARES
DRUGS FOR HYPERURICEMIA (URATE-LOWERING THERAPY)
Chapter 79. Drugs Affecting Calcium Levels and Bone Mineralization
CALCIUM-RELATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DRUGS FOR DISORDERS INVOLVING CALCIUM AND BONE MINERALIZATION
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Unit XII. Respiratory Tract Drugs
Chapter 80. Drugs for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 81. Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds
DRUGS FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Unit XIII. Gastrointestinal Drugs
Chapter 82. Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
PATHOGENESIS OF PEPTIC ULCERS
OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT—DRUG THERAPY
OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT—NONDRUG THERAPY
HISTAMINE2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS—CIMETIDINE
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS—OMEPRAZOLE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF LAXATIVES—BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
BOWEL CLEANSING PRODUCTS FOR COLONOSCOPY
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 84. Other Gastrointestinal Drugs
ANTIEMETICS AND THE EMETIC RESPONSE
DRUGS FOR MOTION SICKNESS
MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA
DRUGS FOR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
DRUGS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
PROKINETIC AGENTS—METOCLOPRAMIDE
PANCREATIC ENZYMES AND DRUGS USED TO DISSOLVE GALLSTONES
Unit XIV. Nutrition and Complementary Therapy
Chapter 86. Drugs for Weight Loss
ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHT-RELATED HEALTH RISK
OVERVIEW OF OBESITY TREATMENT
Chapter 87. Complementary and Alternative Therapy
REGULATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
ONGOING CONCERNS REGARDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
SOME COMMONLY USED DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Unit XV. Therapy of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 88. Basic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
ACHIEVING SELECTIVE TOXICITY
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
HOST FACTORS THAT MODIFY DRUG CHOICE, ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION, OR DOSAGE
DOSAGE, DURATION, AND MONITORING OF TREATMENT
THERAPY WITH ANTIBIOTIC COMBINATIONS
PROPHYLACTIC USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
MISUSES OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Chapter 89. Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall I: Penicillins
INTRODUCTION TO THE PENICILLINS
PROPERTIES OF PENICILLIN G
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL PENICILLINS OTHER THAN PENICILLIN G
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 90. Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall II: Other Drugs
OTHER INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS: VANCOMYCIN
LIPOGLYCOPROTEINS: TELAVANCIN
LIPOGLYCOPROTEINS: AZTREONAM
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 91. Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, and Others
OTHER BACTERIOSTATIC INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: CLINDAMYCIN
OTHER BACTERIOSTATIC INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: LINEZOLID
OTHER BACTERIOSTATIC INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: RETAPAMULIN AND MUPIROCIN
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 92. Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY OF THE AMINOGLYCOSIDES
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 93. Sulfonamide Antibiotics and Trimethoprim
TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 94. Drug Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections
SPECIFIC URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT
URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS: NITROFURANTOIN
URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS: METHENAMINE
Chapter 95. Antimycobacterial Agents: Drugs for Tuberculosis
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TUBERCULOSIS
PHARMACOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 96. Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs: Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Daptomycin, Rifampin, Rifaximin, and Fidaxomicin
FLUOROQUINOLONES: CIPROFLOXACIN
ADDITIONAL ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: METRONIDAZOLE
ADDITIONAL ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: DAPTOMYCIN
ADDITIONAL ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: RIFAMPIN, RIFAXIMIN, AND FIDAXOMICIN
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 97. Antifungal Agents
DRUGS FOR SYSTEMIC MYCOSES: AMPHOTERICIN B, A POLYENE ANTIBIOTIC
DRUGS FOR SYSTEMIC MYCOSES: ITRACONAZOLE
DRUGS FOR SYSTEMIC MYCOSES: CASPOFUNGIN
FLUCYTOSINE, A PYRIMIDINE ANALOG
DRUGS FOR SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES: OVERVIEW OF DRUG THERAPY
DRUGS FOR SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES: ANTIFUNGALS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 98. Antiviral Agents I: Drugs for Non-HIV Viral Infections
DRUGS FOR INFECTION WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS
DRUGS FOR CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
DRUGS FOR RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
DRUGS FOR CORONAVIRUS DISEASE OF 2019 (COVID-19)
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
Chapter 99. Antiviral Agents II: Drugs for HIV Infection and Related Opportunistic Infections
DRUG INTERACTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
NUCLEOSIDE/NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
INTEGRASE STRAND TRANSFER INHIBITORS
POST-ATTACHMENT INHIBITOR
MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION
PREVENTING HIV INFECTION WITH DRUGS
PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
Summary of Major Nursing Implications
EFAVIRENZ (Prototype for Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)
Chapter 100. Drug Therapy for Sexually Transmitted Infections
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Chapter 101. Antiseptics and Disinfectants
PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
HAND HYGIENE FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS
Unit XVI. Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases
Chapter 102. Anthelmintics
CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC WORMS
DRUGS OF CHOICE FOR HELMINTHIASIS
Chapter 103. Antiprotozoal Drugs I: Antimalarial Agents
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMALARIAL THERAPY
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE MAJOR ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
Chapter 104. Antiprotozoal Drugs II: Miscellaneous Agents
DRUGS OF CHOICE FOR PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS
Chapter 105. Ectoparasiticides
ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS
PHARMACOLOGY OF ECTOPARASITICIDES
Unit XVII. Cancer Chemotherapy
Chapter 106. Basic Principles of Cancer Treatment
OVERVIEW OF CANCER TREATMENT
THE GROWTH FRACTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHEMOTHERAPY
OBSTACLES TO SUCCESSFUL CHEMOTHERAPY
STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING MAXIMUM BENEFITS FROM CHEMOTHERAPY
MAJOR TOXICITIES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
MAKING THE DECISION TO TREAT
Chapter 107. Anticancer Drugs I: Cytotoxic Agents
INTRODUCTION TO THE CYTOTOXIC ANTICANCER DRUGS
MISCELLANEOUS CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
Chapter 108. Anticancer Drugs II: Hormonal Agents, Targeted Drugs, and Other Noncytotoxic Anticancer Drugs
NON-CYTOTOXIC DRUGS FOR BREAST CANCER
AROMATASE INHIBITORS: ANASTROZOLE
PALBOCICLIB AND RIBOCICLIB
DENOSUMAB AND BISPHOSPHONATES FOR SKELETAL-RELATED EVENTS
NON-CYTOTOXIC DRUGS FOR PROSTATE CANCER
ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY
OTHER NON-CYTOTOXIC DRUGS FOR PROSTATE CANCER: SIPULEUCEL-T
TARGETED ANTICANCER DRUGS: KINASE INHIBITORS
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: INTERFERON ALFA-2B
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: ALDESLEUKIN (INTERLEUKIN-2)
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: BACILLUS CALMETTE–GUÉRIN VACCINE
Unit XVIII. Miscellaneous Drugs and Therapies
Chapter 109. Drugs for Eye Conditions and Diseases
CYCLOPLEGICS AND MYDRIATICS
DRUGS FOR ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
DRUGS FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
ADDITIONAL OPHTHALMIC DRUGS
Chapter 110. Drugs for Skin Conditions
TOPICAL DRUG FORMULATIONS
DRUGS FOR ACTINIC KERATOSES
DRUGS FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS (ECZEMA)
DRUGS FOR MISCELLANEOUS SKIN AND HAIR CONDITIONS
SKIN INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
Chapter 111. Drugs for Ear Conditions
OTITIS MEDIA AND ITS MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY OF MAJOR NURSING IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 112. Management of Poisoning
FUNDAMENTALS OF TREATMENT
DRUGS AND PROCEDURES USED TO MINIMIZE POISON ABSORPTION
DRUGS AND PROCEDURES USED FOR POISON REMOVAL
Chapter 113. Potential Weapons of Biologic, Radiologic, and Chemical Terrorism
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES: BACILLUS ANTHRACIS (ANTHRAX)
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES: FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS (TULAREMIA)
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES: YERSINIA PESTIS (PNEUMONIC PLAGUE)
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES: VARIOLA VIRUS (SMALLPOX)
Appendix A. Canadian Drug Information
Appendix B. Prototype Drugs and Their Major Uses
