Section 1 The Adversaries – Pathogens
THE VARIETIES OF PATHOGENS
LIVING INSIDE OR OUTSIDE CELLS
SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
Survival Under Adverse Conditions
Mutation and Gene Transfer
The Genomics of Medically Important Bacteria
OUTCOME OF VIRAL INFECTION
MAJOR GROUPS OF DISEASE-CAUSING FUNGI
Protozoa can infect all the major tissues and organs of the body
Protozoa have evolved many sophisticated strategies to avoid host responses
Protozoa use a variety of routes to infect humans
A SPECTRUM OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS—TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
ROGUE PROTEIN PATHOGENESIS
DEVELOPMENT, TRANSMISSION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PRION DISEASES
9 The host–parasite relationship
THE MICROBIOTA AND MICROBIOME
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARASITISM
THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITISM
Section 2 The adversaries – host defences
10 The innate defences of the body
DEFENCES AGAINST ENTRY INTO THE BODY
DEFENCES ONCE THE MICROORGANISM PENETRATES THE BODY
11 Adaptive immune responses bring specificity
LYMPHOID TISSUES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
RECIRCULATION OF T AND B CELLS
12 Cooperation leads to effective immune responses
COOPERATION MEANS GREATER EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFICITY
OPSONIZATION BY ANTIBODY ENHANCES PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEADS TO COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
BENEFICIAL INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS CAN ALSO BE ENHANCED BY ANTIBODIES
ACTIVATION OF T CELLS INVOLVES ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS AND ADDITIONAL COSTIMULATORY SIGNALS
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION INVOLVES A SERIES OF STEPS WITHIN THE GERMINAL CENTRE
CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THESE CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS
IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY ENABLES A SECOND INFECTION WITH THE SAME MICROBE TO BE DEALT WITH MORE EFFECTIVELY
ARMIES MUST BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL
13 Background to the infectious diseases
HOST–PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS
CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
THE BIOLOGIC RESPONSE GRADIENT
14 Entry, exit and transmission
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION BETWEEN HUMANS
TRANSMISSION FROM ANIMALS
15 Immune defences in action
ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
16 Spread and replication
FEATURES OF SURFACE AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
MECHANISMS OF SPREAD THROUGH THE BODY
GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF SPREAD AND REPLICATION
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING SPREAD AND REPLICATION
17 Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections
PARASITE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
18 Pathologic consequences of infection
PATHOLOGY CAUSED DIRECTLY BY MICROORGANISMS
PATHOLOGIC ACTIVATION OF NATURAL IMMUNE MECHANISMS
PATHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Section 4 Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System
19 Upper respiratory tract infections
PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS
20 Lower respiratory tract infections
LARYNGITIS AND TRACHEITIS
ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION
HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME
HUMAN CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS
PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION
HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION
HUMAN BOCAVIRUS INFECTION
INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
21 Urinary tract infections
ACQUISITION AND AETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS
22 Sexually transmitted infections
STIs AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
OTHER CAUSES OF INGUINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
Mycoplasmas and Nongonococcal Urethritis
OTHER CAUSES OF VAGINITIS AND URETHRITIS
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
Monkeypox, previously a rare viral zoonosis, emerged in 2022 as aN STI
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
23 Gastrointestinal tract infections
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION
FOOD POISONING—BACTERIALTOXIN–ASSOCIATED DIARRHOEA
VIRAL CAUSES OF DIARRHOEA
HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND GASTRIC ULCER DISEASE
PARASITES AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
OTHER INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
SYSTEMIC INFECTION INITIATED IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
24 Obstetric and perinatal infections
INFECTIONS OCCURRING IN PREGNANCY
INFECTIONS OCCURRING AROUND THE TIME OF BIRTH
25 Central nervous system infections
INVASION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO INVASION
NEUROLOGIC DISEASES OF POSSIBLE VIRAL AETIOLOGY
SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES CAUSED BY SCRAPIE-TYPE AGENTS
CNS DISEASE CAUSED BY PARASITES
INFECTION OF THE DEEPER LAYERS OF THE EYE
27 Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN, SOFT TISSUE AND MUSCLE
MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN
FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
MUCOCUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
OTHER MACULOPAPULAR RASHES ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
OTHER INFECTIONS PRODUCING SKIN LESIONS
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE
POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME
PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE
JOINT AND BONE INFECTIONS
INFECTIONS OF THE HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
28 Vectorborne infections
INFECTIONS CAUSED BY RICKETTSIAE
Viral haemorrhagic fever is a multisystem syndrome triggered by a group of viruses that cause severe damage to the vascular system
EBOLA AND MARBURG HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA INFECTION
PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA INFECTION
30 Fever of unknown origin
DEFINITIONS OF FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
INVESTIGATION OF CLASSIC FUO
FUO IN SPECIFIC PATIENT GROUPS
31 Infections in the compromised host
INFECTIONS OF THE HOST WITH DEFICIENT INNATE IMMUNITY DUE TO PHYSICAL FACTORS
INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY ADAPTIVE IMMUNODEFICIENCY
OTHER IMPORTANT OPPORTUNIST PATHOGENS
Section 5 Diagnosis and Control
32 Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defence mechanisms
AIMS OF THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY
CULTIVATION (CULTURE) OF MICROORGANISMS
IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS GROWN IN CULTURE
NONCULTURAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
ANTIBODY DETECTION METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
ASSESSMENT OF HOST DEFENCE SYSTEMS
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY
33 Epidemiology and control of infectious diseases
TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
34 Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
DISCOVERY AND DESIGN OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
RESISTANCE TO ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
CLASSES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
ANTIMETABOLITES AFFECTING NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
OTHER AGENTS THAT AFFECT DNA
INHIBITORS OF CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE FUNCTION
URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN PRACTICE
CONTROL BY CHEMOTHERAPY VERSUS VACCINATION
CONTROL VERSUS ERADICATION
USE AND MISUSE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
35 Protecting the host: vaccination
VACCINATION—A 400-YEAR HISTORY
Edward Jenner (1749–1823)
VACCINES CAN BE OF DIFFERENT TYPES
Genetically engineered vaccines
NONSPECIFIC BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF VACCINES
New vaccines in development
36 Specific and nonspecific immunotherapy
ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH T CELLS
PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH ANTIBODIES
NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR MODULATION
CORRECTION OF HOST IMMUNODEFICIENCY
COMMON HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
IMPORTANT CAUSES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
Surgical wound infections
Gastrointestinal infections
SOURCES AND ROUTES OF SPREAD OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
HOST FACTORS AND HOSPITAL INFECTION
CONSEQUENCES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
Beta-Haemolytic Streptococci
Alpha-Haemolytic Streptococci
Section 1: The Adversaries—Pathogens
Section 2: The Adversaries—Host Defences
Section 4: Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System
Section 5: Diagnosis and Control
Bibliography – list of useful websites
