Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Section 1: Focusing of an Image on the Retina
The image of the human adult eye
2. Optical Aberrations and Wavefront Sensing
The impact of HOAs on vision
Treatments to alleviate the impact of HOAs
The optical requirements for accommodation
The anatomy of the accommodative apparatus
The mechanism of accommodation in the lens and eye
Accommodative optical changes in the lens and eye
The stimulus to accommodate
The pharmacology of accommodation
Measurement of accommodation
Factors contributing to presbyopia
Section 2: Physiology of Optical Media
The organization, development, and growth of the lens
Structural determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
Effect of changes in fiber cell junctions on regional differences in lens structure
Effects of regional differences in fiber cell morphology on lens transparency, optics, and biomechanics
Metabolic determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
Physiological determinants of the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
Effects of age on the transparent and refractive properties of the lens
Embryology and development
Section 3: Direction of Gaze
7. The Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular muscle anatomy
Disorders of eye movements
Muscle diseases in which extraocular muscles are preferentially spared
Muscle diseases where extraocular muscles are preferentially involved
8. Neural Control of Eye Movements
Premotor control of gaze redirection
Premotor control of gaze stabilization: the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes
Interactions between eye movement subsystems
NEUROLOGIC disorders of the oculomotor system
9. Three-Dimensional Eye Movements: Kinematics, Control, and Perceptual Consequences
Three-dimensional ocular kinematics
Three-dimensional kinematics during head-unrestrained gaze shifts
Three-dimensional control mechanisms
Brainstem oculomotor coordinates
Higher-level transformations
The reference frame transformation
The two-dimensional to three-dimensional transformation
Section 4: Nutrition of the Eye
10. Production and Flow of Aqueous Humor
Structure of the ciliary body and ciliary epithelium
Aqueous humor composition
Regulation of aqueous humor formation
Pharmacology and regulation of outflow
The vascular system of the eye
Oxygenation and blood flow of the retina
Techniques for measuring blood flow
Regulation of ocular blood flow
12. Metabolic Interactions Between Neurons and Glial Cells
Retinal energy metabolism
Retinal oxygen distribution and consumption
The role of glycolysis underlying retinal function: from whole retina to its parts
Biochemical specialization of glial cells
Functional neuronal activity and division of metabolic labor
Cellular compartmentation of energy substrates other than glucose
Experimental models of retinal metabolism and function
Metabolic interactions between vertebrate photoreceptors and Müller glia
Metabolic interaction between photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial
Metabolic factors in the regulation of retinal blood flow
Metabolic pathway leading to nitric oxide release
13. The Function of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Transepithelial transport
Capacitive compensation of fast changes in the ion composition in the subretinal space
Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments
Section 5: Protection of the Eye
14. Functions of the Orbit and Eyelids
Orbital anatomy and function
Facial and eyelid anatomy and function
15. Formation and Function of the Tear Film
16. Sensory Innervation of the Eye
Anatomy of ocular sensory nerves
Development, remodeling and regeneration of corneal innervation
Functional characteristics of ocular sensory innervation
Trophic effects of ocular primary sensory neurons
Morphologic and functional alterations of ocular sensory innervation by injury, inflammation, and aging
Sensations arising from the eye
17. Outward-Directed Transport
Methods of studying transporters
Corneal outward transport
Blood-retinal barrier outward transport
Transporter genetics and implications in ocular diseases
Pharmacologic impact of outward transport
Section 6: Photoreception
18. Biochemical Cascade of Phototransduction
Location and compartmentalization of rods and cones
Comparison of cones and rods
Phototransduction and disease
Where the field is headed
19. Photoresponses of Rods and Cones
Photovoltage response to flashes
Photocurrent response to flashes
Modulation of the flash response by bicarbonate
Detection of single photons
Photocurrent response to steady light
Action spectra of rods and cones
CNG channel and sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger
Role of inner segment conductances
20. Light Adaptation in Photoreceptors
Vision from starlight to sunlight
Performance of the photopic and scotopic divisions of the visual system
Light adaptation of the electrical responses of cones and rods
Molecular basis of photoreceptor light adaptation
Slow changes in rods: light adaptation or dark adaptation?
Dark adaptation of the rods: very slow recovery from bleaching
Section 7: Visual Processing in the Retina
21. The Synaptic Organization of the Retina
Basic synaptic communication
22. Signal Processing in the Outer Retina
23. Visual Processing in the Inner Retina
The players in the inner retina
Generation of the electroretinogram
Noninvasive recording of the electroretinogram
Classical definition of components of the electroretinogram
Slow PIII, the c-wave, and other slow components of the direct-current (dc)- electroretinogram
Full-field dark-adapted (Ganzfeld) flash electroretinogram
Light-adapted, cone-driven electroretinograms
Multifocal electroretinogram
Section 8: Non-Perceptive Vision
25. Regulation of Light Through the Pupil
The neuronal pathway of the pupil light reflex and near pupil response
Properties of light and their effect on pupil movement
Relative afferent pupillary defects
Efferent pupillary defects
26. Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors
Discovery of melanopsin and ganglion-cell photoreceptors
Distinctive functional properties of ipRGCs
Synaptic output and physiologic functions
Section 9: Visual Processing in the Brain
27. Overview of the Central Visual Pathways
Targets of the retinal projections
Retinotopic pathways and visual field lesions
Optic nerve axon counts and dimensions
Microscopic anatomy and cytology
29. Processing in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
The lateral geniculate nucleus: the gateway to conscious visual perception
Lateral geniculate nucleus anatomy
Lateral geniculate nucleus development and cellular taxonomy
Lateral geniculate nucleus inputs
Lateral geniculate nucleus circuitry
Lateral geniculate nucleus outputs
Lateral geniculate nucleus receptive fields
Lateral geniculate nucleus map of visual space
Retinogeniculate transmission
Modulation of lateral geniculate nucleus activity
30. Primary Visual Cortex
Visual inputs to V1 and local cortical circuits
Processing in V1: classical and extraclassical receptive fields, functional architecture, and long-range connections
Plasticity, learning and context-dependent processing in V1
31. Extrastriate Visual Cortex
Introduction to the extrastriate cortex
The ventral visual network
The dorsal visual network
Plasticity and rehabilitation
Section 10: Visual Perception
32. Visual Processing of Spatial Form
Early visual mechanisms as feature detectors
Adaptation as a tool for understanding vision
Objects are defined by spatial changes in luminance, color, contrast, and texture
Sensitivity and receptive field size versus eccentricity
Suprathreshold vision and contrast constancy
The effect of disease on spatial vision
Summation and suppression of signals across space and feature
A distributed representation along the ventral stream
Defining and specifying visual acuity
Limiting factors in visual acuity
Spatial vision with low contrast
Molecular genetics of color vision and color deficiencies
Introduction and historical background
The psychophysical basis for perimetry and visual field testing
The physiologic basis for perimetry
Common forms of perimetric testing
Detection of sensitivity loss and interpretation of results
Visual field loss patterns created by various pathologies
Patterns of visual field loss
Visual field interpretation guidelines
Assessing visual field progression
Alternative and new visual field test procedures
Tablets and virtual reality headsets
Artifactual visual field results
Mapping the two eye’s images into a single percept
Normal retinal correspondence and the horopter
Binocular combination and binocular suppression in normal vision
Binocular (retinal) disparity and depth perception
Anomalies of binocular vision
Visual directions and the horopter in Anomalous binocular correspondence
Computation of binocular disparity in Anomalous binocular correspondence
Subclasses of anomalous correspondence and errors of perceived distance
Binocular fusion in Anomalous binocular correspondence
Anomalous sensory fusion mechanisms in Anomalous binocular correspondence
Anomalous motor fusion mechanisms in Anomalous binocular correspondence
37. Temporal Properties of Vision
Temporal summation and the critical duration for single pulses of light (aperiodic stimuli)
Temporal sensitivity to periodic stimuli
Section 11: Development and Deprivation of Vision
38. Development of Vision in Infancy
Methodologies for assessing infant vision and their interpretation
Hierarchy of visual processing
39. Development of Retinogeniculate Projections
Formation of eye-specific territories
The optic chiasm is a crucial choice point in establishing RGC axon projections
Molecular mechanisms guiding the formation of eye-specific axonal territories
Retinogeniculate projections are refined during development
Activity-dependent refinement of retinogeniculate projections
What parameters of activity drive refinement?
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of RGC axon refinement
40. Developmental Visual Deprivation
Effects of early monocular form deprivation
Effects of early monocular defocus
Effects of early strabismus
41. The Effects of Visual Deprivation After Infancy
Neuroanatomical development
The perceptual and neural effects of early vision loss
What are the mechanisms that underlie cross-modal plasticity?
Recovery of sight after early blindness
