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Cardiovascular Intervention, 2nd Edition. A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease

Deepak L. Bhatt
ISBN: 9780323873680
ISBN: 9780323873680
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Part of the renowned Braunwald family of references, Cardiovascular Intervention: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease provides today’s clinicians with clear, authoritative guidance on every aspect of catheterization of the heart and vasculature and the latest imaging technologies. This practical reference on interventional cardiology is organized from a procedural perspective, with chapters focused exclusively on how to manage complex cardiovascular disease. Now fully updated from cover to cover, the 2nd Edition offers authoritative and current point-of-care coverage of this highly complex, technology-driven specialty—an ideal resource for practitioners at all levels of experience.
Key Features
  • Offers concise, focused coverage of all aspects of managing interventional cardiology patients, highlighting cautions, procedural nuances and tips, and outcomes.
  • Covers all the newest catheterization techniques and equipment, including new-generation stents, mechanical support devices, imaging technology, and closure devices.
  • Offers complete coverage of structural heart disease and new developments in heart valve disease, including TAVI and mitral valve procedures.
  • Provides updates on the latest procedures, devices, and clinical guidelines for evidence-based practice.
  • Uses a clear, easy-to-follow organization with separate sections on coronary artery interventions, peripheral artery interventions, cerebrovascular interventions, venous interventions, structural heart interventions, and congenital heart disease.
  • Features nearly 500 high-quality illustrations and access to 165 procedural videos.
  • An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Author Information
Edited by Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, Executive Director of Interventional Cardiovascular Programs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center; Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Περιεχόμενα

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Video contents
Braunwald’s heart disease family of books
    List of Illustrations
    List of Tables
SECTION I. Interventional Cardiology
1.  The birth of interventional cardiology
    The innovator of angioplasty
    The first peripheral arterial angioplasty
    The development of coronary angioplasty
    Coronary angioplasty then and now
    Acute angioplasty failure
    Mechanism of balloon angioplasty
    Dissemination of coronary angioplasty
    Andreas Grüntzig, the man
    Development of interventional cardiology and minimally invasive surgery
    Acknowledgment
    References
2.  Guidelines and appropriateness criteria for interventional cardiology
    Introduction
    Practice guidelines
    Appropriateness criteria
    Other methods to improve quality
    Putting guidelines into practice
    Conclusions
    References
3.  Vascular access and closure
    Femoral arterial access
    Femoral arterial access site closure
    Radial arterial access and closure
    Ulnar arterial access and closure
    Distal radial arterial access and closure
    Brachial arterial access and closure
    Venous access and closure
    Conclusions
    Selected references
    References
4.  Pharmacotherapy in the modern interventional suite
    Pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis
    Aspirin
    Oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors
    Intravenous antiplatelet drugs
    Intravenous anticoagulant drugs
    Vasodilators and antihypertensive drugs
    Vasopressors and inotropic drugs
    Procedural sedation: Anxiolytics and analgesics
    Miscellaneous drugs
    Conclusions
    References
5.  Hemodynamic support during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention
    Introduction
    Rationale for definition of “high risk”
    Clinical presentation
    Coronary blood flow and myocardial energetics during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention
    Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
    History of development of left ventricular support devices for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention
    History of use of intraaortic balloon pump during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention
    Balloon-pump assisted coronary intervention study
    History of tandemheart development
    Transvalvular axial flow pumps
    History of impella development
    Clinical trials of impella in high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention
    Protect II
    Optimal use of impella for hemodynamic support
    Case example
    Complications of impella
    Conclusion: Future advances
    References
6.  Radiation safety in the cardiac catheterization laboratory
    Basic principles
    Operation of X-ray fluoroscopic equipment
    Fluoroscopic modes
    Fluoroscopic image quality
    Assessment of radiation dose
    Radiation-induced injury
    Radiation reduction in the catheterization laboratory
    Occupational hazards of the catheterization laboratory
    The catheterization laboratory of the future
    References
7.  Contrast selection
    Introduction
    Chemical structure
    Classification
    Properties of contrast media
    Adverse effects related to contrast media administration
    Ischemic complications
    Contrast-associated acute kidney injury
    Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
SECTION II. Coronary Artery Intervention
8.  Percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main coronary artery disease
    Introduction
    Randomized controlled trials
    Meta-analyses
    Current guidelines and appropriate use criteria
    Scoring algorithms
    Impact of stent choice
    In-stent restenosis
    Disease location: Ostial or midshaft versus distal left main coronary artery
    One- versus two-stent approach for left main coronary artery bifurcation disease
    Two-stent techniques
    Dedicated bifurcation stents
    Importance of final proximal optimization technique and selective kissing balloon inflation
    Role of imaging
    Fractional flow reserve
    Myocardial infarction caused by left main coronary artery thrombosis
    Hemodynamic support
    Dual antiplatelet therapy selection and duration
    Follow-up after left main coronary artery percutaneous coronary intervention
    Left main coronary artery bifurcation PCI techniques
    Provisional stent technique
    Two-stent techniques
    Description of techniques
    Ostial left main coronary artery percutaneous coronary intervention
    Conclusions
    References
9.  Chronic total coronary occlusions: Rationale, techniques, and clinical outcomes
    Introduction
    Indications and evidence
    Anatomic considerations
    Procedural techniques
    Technical strategies
    Complications of CTO PCI
    Conclusions
    Selected references
    References
10.  Bifurcations
    Introduction
    Simplified guidelines after 20 years of bifurcation studies
    An individualized approach to bifurcations
    The left main
    Technical aspects of bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention
    Conclusions
    Selected references
    References
11.  Bypass graft interventions
    Introduction
    Epidemiology
    Indications for bypass graft interventions
    Distal embolization and embolic protection devices
    Saphenous vein graft stenting
    Adjunctive pharmacotherapy
    Technical aspects of saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention: Intravascular imaging
    Saphenous vein graft engagement
    Acutely occluded saphenous vein grafts
    Chronically occluded saphenous vein grafts
    Intermediate saphenous vein graft lesions
    Saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention complications
    Arterial graft interventions
    Complications of percutaneous coronary intervention in prior coronary artery bypass grafting patients
    References
12.  Calcified lesions
    Introduction
    Rotational atherectomy
    Orbital atherectomy
    Scoring balloon angioplasty
    Excimer laser atherectomy
    Intracoronary lithotripsy
    Conclusions
    References
13.  Treatment of in-stent restenosis
    Introduction
    Definition
    Diagnosis
    Pathophysiology
    Mechanisms
    Intravascular imaging
    Treatment
    Cutting and scoring balloons
    Treatment algorithm
    Future interventional paradigms
    Conclusions
    Supplemental material
    Selected references
    References
14.  Management of thrombotic lesions
    Introduction
    Pharmacologic strategies to prevent thrombus formation
    Thrombus in various clinical scenarios
    Devices to remove thrombus
    Experimental devices
    Devices that are not beneficial
    Case
    Conclusions
    References
15.  Fractional flow reserve and nonhyperemic pressure ratios
    Rationale for translesional physiologic measurements
    Derivation of fractional flow reserve and nonhyperemic pressure indices
    Role of submaximal coronary hyperemia with contrast fractional flow reserve
    Nonhyperemic pressure ratios
    Coronary flow reserve versus fractional flow reserve
    Fractional flow reserve and myocardial bed size
    Technique of intracoronary pressure measurement
    Pharmacologic coronary hyperemia
    Validation of fractional flow reserve and nonhyperemic pressure ratio
    Discordance between nonhyperemic pressure ratio and hyperemic indices
    Fractional flow reserve/nonhyperemic pressure ratio for specific angiographic subsets
    Multivessel disease percutaneous coronary intervention
    Nonhyperemic pressure ratio and intermediate lesion assessment
    Left main stenosis
    Serial (multiple) lesions and diffuse coronary artery disease
    Diffuse coronary disease
    Fractional flow reserve in acute coronary syndrome
    Post-percutaneous coronary intervention physiology
    Assessing collateral flow
    Index of microcirculatory resistance
    Summary and future directions
    The future of intracoronary physiology: Angiographically derived fractional flow reserve
    References
16.  Intravascular ultrasound imaging
    Background and limitations of angiography
    Intravascular ultrasound imaging: Basic image and measurements
    Guidelines for use and appropriate indications
    Diagnostic applications
    Interventional applications
    Intravascular ultrasound imaging in the peripheral arterial system
    Research applications: Progression and regression trials
    Advancing intravascular ultrasound technologies and future directions
    Acknowledgment
    References
17.  Optical coherence tomography
    Introduction
    Physics of optical coherence tomography
    Image acquisition by frequency domain optical coherence tomography
    Evaluation of coronary pathology
    Pitfalls of image interpretation
    Assessment of coronary plaque characteristics
    Role of optical coherence tomography in percutaneous coronary intervention
    Future directions
    Conclusion
    Summary
    Selected references
    References
SECTION III. Peripheral Artery Intervention
18.  Intervention for lower extremity arterial disease
    Clinical assessment
    Percutaneous revascularization tools
    Controversy over paclitaxel-coated balloons and stents
    Interventions in specific arteries
    Conclusions
    References
19.  Upper extremity intervention
    Introduction
    Diagnosis and clinical syndromes
    Treatment
    Conclusions
    References
20.  Renal artery intervention: Catheter-based therapy for renal artery stenosis
    Introduction
    Diagnosis
    Renal artery intervention
    Asymptomatic renal artery stenosis
    Renovascular hypertension
    Evidence-based treatment
    Ischemic nephropathy
    Cardiac destabilization syndromes
    Summary
    References
21.  Mesenteric artery interventio n: Catheter-based therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia
    Introduction
    Diagnosis
    Management of chronic mesenteric ischemia
    Conclusions
    References
22.  Renal denervation
    Introduction
    Role of the kidneys in hypertension
    Anatomy and physiology of the renal sympathetic nervous system
    Animal and human data supporting a link between the renal sympathetic nervous system and hypertension
    Percutaneous renal sympathetic denervation: Early trials using a single electrode radiofrequency catheter
    Limitations of early trials
    Symplicity HTN-3
    Newer generation devices
    Practical aspects: Patient selection and performance of the procedure
    Procedure
    Currently commercially available catheters
    The peregrine system (see Figures 22.8 and 22.9)
    Effect of renal denervation on conditions of sympathetic overactivity other than hypertension
    Sympathetic nerve activity mapping and tailored ablation
    Conclusions
    References
23.  Endovascular management of aortic and thoracic aneurysms
    Abdominal aortic aneurysm
    Thoracic endovascular aortic repair
    References
SECTION IV. Cerebrovascular Intervention
24.  Carotid and vertebral intervention
    Carotid intervention
    Conclusions
    References
25.  Cerebrovascular interventions
    Introduction
    The cerebral vasculature
    Acute ischemic stroke treatment
    Conclusions
    Selected references
    References
SECTION V. Venous Intervention
26.  Interventional management of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
    Introduction
    Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis
    Acute deep vein thrombosis
    Chronic deep vein thrombosis
    Acute pulmonary embolism
    Epidemiology and classification
    Treatment escalation for massive pulmonary embolism
    Treatment escalation for submassive pulmonary embolism
    Patient follow-up
    Selected references
    References
27.  Management of chronic venous insufficiency
    Epidemiology and risk factors of chronic venous disease
    Venous anatomy and physiology
    Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency
    Evaluation and classification of patients with chronic venous insufficiency
    Anatomic and physiologic testing of chronic venous insufficiency
    Treatment of superficial chronic venous insufficiency
    Endovascular management of venous ulcerations
    Deep venous valves
    Conclusions
    Selected references
    References
28.  Hemodialysis access intervention
    Introduction
    Epidemiology and prevalence of stage V kidney disease
    Vascular anatomy
    Pathogenesis of access failure
    Diagnostic evaluation
    Catheter-based treatment of failing accesses
    Outcomes
    Newer approaches
    Summary
    References
SECTION VI. Structural Heart Intervention
29.  Aortic valvuloplasty and transcatheter aortic valve replacement
    Introduction
    Balloon aortic valvuloplasty
    Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (implantation): General concepts
    Balloon-expandable valves
    Self-expanding valves
    “Real-world” registries
    New clinical indications
    Complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
    New transcatheter aortic valve replacement devices
    Future directions
    Conclusions
    References
30.  Transcatheter mitral valve intervention
    Introduction: Normal mitral valve anatomy
    Mitral valve disease states
    Mitral stenosis
    Mitral regurgitation
    Pathophysiology
    Conclusions
    References
31.  Transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention
    Tricuspid valve regurgitation
    Pathophysiology
    Rationale for therapy
    Transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention devices
    Leaflet-based repair technology
    Annuloplasty devices
    Spacer devices
    Tricuspid valve replacement
    Conclusion
    References
32.  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    Introduction and epidemiology
    Hallmarks and differential diagnosis
    Natural course of disease and clinical presentation
    Pathophysiology
    Diagnosis
    Management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    Novel techniques for septal reduction using nonalcohol substances
    Shared decision making
    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centers
    References
33.  Patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, left atrial appendage, and ventricular septal defect closure
    Patent foramen ovale
    Atrial septal defect closure
    Left atrial appendage closure
    Ventricular septal defect
    Post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect
    Conclusions
    References
34.  Interventions for advanced heart failure
    Disclosure
    Introduction
    Defining advanced heart failure
    Hemodynamics of heart failure
    Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support
    Circulatory support for cardiogenic shock and advanced heart failure
    Interventional therapy for right heart failure
    Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heart failure
    Valvular interventions in advanced heart failure
    Emerging interventional approaches for heart failure
    Conclusions
    References
35.  Endomyocardial biopsy
    Introduction
    Development of the procedure: Historical perspective
    Technique of the procedure
    Safety of endomyocardial biopsy
    Processing endomyocardial tissue specimens
    Indications for endomyocardial biopsy
    Endomyocardial biopsy in cardiac transplant allografts
    Expert practice summary
    Conclusions
    References
36.  Pericardiocentesis and pericardial intervention
    Introduction
    The normal pericardium
    Pericardial effusion and tamponade
    Clinical diagnosis of pericardial tamponade
    Indications for pericardiocentesis
    Pericardiocentesis technique
    Postpericardiocentesis catheter management
    Complications of pericardiocentesis
    Malignant, recurrent, or persistently draining pericardial effusions
    Technique of single-balloon percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
    Technique of double-balloon percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
    Outcomes after percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
    Percutaneous pericardial biopsy
    Technique of percutaneous pericardial biopsy
    Role of pericardioscopy
    Percutaneous epicardial access for electrophysiology studies and ablation
    Technique of pericardial access and epicardial mapping and ablation
    Limitations and potential complications of pericardial access and epicardial ablation
    Percutaneous pericardial access for transcatheter left atrial appendage ligation
    Preprocedural considerations
    Technique of percutaneous transpericardial left atrial appendage exclusion
    Procedural complications
    Future perspectives
    References
SECTION VII. Congenital Heart Disease
37.  Adult congenital heart disease: Cardiovascular interventions for pulmonary arterial hypertension, anomalous vascular connections, aortic coarctation, and pulmonary valve replacement
    Adult congenital heart disease
    Adults with congenital heart disease: Catheter interventions
    Conclusions
    References
Index

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