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Cell Biology, 4th Edition

ISBN: 9780323758000
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Περιγραφή

Accessible and user-friendly, Cell Biology, 4th Edition, provides a strong foundation for students entering health care career paths as well as higher level research areas. Clear, readable text and high-quality, detailed illustrations help readers quickly grasp challenging content—all focusing on cellular processes without delving into molecular processes. Drs. Thomas D. Pollard, William C. Earnshaw, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, and author/illustrator Dr. Graham Johnson have thoroughly updated this popular text to ensure its relevance for students in biology, biotechnology, medicine, and pathophysiology, covering key principles of cellular function and explaining how molecular defects lead to cellular dysfunction and cause human disease.
Key Features
  • Clear, readable explanations provide a concise story about how cells function at the molecular level.
  • An intuitive chapter flow starts with genome organization, gene expression, and RNA processing as a foundation for understanding every aspect of cellular function and physiology.
  • Brings cellular biology to life for students interested in medical science by explaining how mutations in genes can compromise virtually every cellular system and predispose to human disease. Knowledge of cell biology has led to new treatments for cancer, heart failure, cystic fibrosis, and many other diseases.
  • Unique illustrations with realistic proportions and relationships explain every cellular process including the assembly of SARS CoV-2, the structures attaching mitotic chromosomes to microtubules, the mechanism of DNA replication and how pumps, carriers and channels orchestrate physiological processes from synaptic transmission to cellular volume regulation.
  • Covers exciting breakthroughs such as SMC motor proteins actively organizing chromosomal DNA, TOR kinases regulating metabolism, new types of immunotherapy for cancer treatment, mechanisms regulating fast axonal transport and their relation to neurodegenerative diseases, how completion of DNA replication sets the time for cells to enter mitosis, how a cascade of signals specifies the site of cell division, and newly understood pathways of normal and pathological cell death.
  • Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Author Information
By Thomas D. Pollard, MD, Sterling Professor, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT; William C. Earnshaw, PhD, FRS, Professor and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICB, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, PhD, Group Leader, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, United States and Graham Johnson, MA, PhD, CMI, Director, Animated Cell, Allen Institute for Cell Biology, Seattle, Washington;, QB3 Faculty Fellow, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover Image
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Guide to Figures Featuring Specific Organisms and Specialized Cells
  • Section I Introduction to Cell Biology
  • Chapter 1 Cells as the Basis of Life on Earth
  • Universal Principles of Living Cells
  • Features That Distinguish Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
  • Overview of Eukaryotic Cellular Organization and Functions
  • Welcome to the Rest of the Book
  • Chapter 2 Evolution of Life on Earth
  • Prebiotic Chemistry Leading to anRNA World
  • Divergent Evolution From the Last Universal Common Ancestor of Life
  • Evolution of Prokaryotes
  • Origin of Eukaryotes
  • The First Billion Years of Eukaryotic Evolution
  • Divergence Eukaryotes From Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor
  • Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryotes
  • Viruses
  • Looking Back in Time
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section II Chemical and Physical Background
  • Chapter 3 Molecules: Structures and Dynamics
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Aqueous Phase of Cytoplasm
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 4 Biophysical Principles
  • First-Order Reactions
  • Second-Order Reactions
  • Reversible Reactions
  • Thermodynamic Considerations
  • Linked Reactions
  • Chemical Bonds
  • Acknowledgment
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 5 Macromolecular Assembly
  • Assembly of Macromolecular Structures From Subunits
  • Specificity by Multiple Weak Bonds on Complementary Surfaces
  • Symmetrical Structures Constructed From Identical Subunits
  • Assembly Pathways
  • Regulation at Multiple Steps on Sequential Assembly Pathways
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 6 Research Strategies
  • Choice of Organisms for Biological Research
  • Inventory: Gene Discovery and Engineering
  • Inventory: Biochemical Fractionation
  • Localization of Molecules in Cells and Tissues
  • Molecular Structure
  • Partners and Pathways
  • Rates and Affinities
  • Reconstitution of Process From Isolated Components
  • Tests of Physiological Functions
  • Mathematical Models of Systems
  • Selected Readings
  • Internet
  • Section III Chromatin, Chromosomes, and the Cell Nucleus
  • Chapter 7 Chromosome Organization
  • Chromosome Morphology and Nomenclature
  • One DNA Molecule Per Chromosome
  • Organization of Genes on Chromosomes
  • Transposable Elements Make Up Much of the Human Genome
  • Segmental Duplications in the Human Genome
  • Pseudogenes
  • The Human Genome: Variations on a Theme
  • The Centromere: Overview
  • Ends of the Chromosomes: Why Specialized Telomeres Are Needed
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 8 DNA Packaging in Chromatin and Chromosomes
  • First Level of Chromosomal DNA Packaging: The Nucleosome
  • Functional Compartmentation of Chromatin: Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
  • Higher-Order Structure of Chromosomes
  • Large-Scale Structural Compartmentation of the Nucleus
  • Chromosome Conformation Capture and Topologically Associating Domains
  • The Chromosome’s Control Center: The Kinetochore
  • Mammalian Kinetochore Proteins
  • Centromere Proteins of the Budding Yeast
  • Role of RNA Interference at Fission Yeast Centromeres
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 9 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics
  • Overall Organization of the Nucleus
  • Structure of the Nuclear Envelope
  • Traffic Between Nucleus and Cytoplasm
  • Disorders Associated With Defective Nuclear Trafficking
  • Other Uses of the Importin/Ran Switch
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section IV Central Dogma: From Gene to Protein
  • Chapter 10 Gene Expression*
  • Transcription Cycle
  • Transcription Initiation
  • Transcription Elongation and Termination
  • Gene-Specific Transcription Regulation
  • Chromatin and Transcription
  • Gene-Specific Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
  • Transcription Factors as Modular Proteins
  • Transcription Factor Binding to Eukaryotic Promoter Proximal and Enhancer Elements
  • Transcription Factors and Signal Transduction
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 11 Eukaryotic RNA Processing
  • Synthesis of Messenger RNAs
  • Modification of Messenger RNAs
  • Synthesis of Stable RNAs
  • Synthesis and Function of MicroRNAs
  • Synthesis and Function of Piwi-Interacting RNAs
  • Synthesis and Function of Other Noncoding RNAs
  • RNA–Based Gene Editing
  • Conclusions
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis and Folding
  • Protein Synthetic Machinery
  • Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
  • Spontaneous Protein Folding
  • Chaperone-Assisted Protein Folding
  • Protein Folding and Disease
  • Acknowledgment
  • Selected Readings
  • Section V Membrane Structure and Function
  • Chapter 13 Membrane Structure and Dynamics
  • Development of Ideas About Membrane Structure
  • Lipids
  • Physical Structure of the Fluid Membrane Bilayer
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 14 Membrane Pumps
  • Introduction to Membrane Permeability
  • Diversity of Membrane Pumps
  • Light-Driven Proton Pumping by Bacteriorhodopsin
  • Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate–Driven Pumps
  • Rotary ATPase Families
  • P-Type Cation Pumps: E1E2-Adenosine Triphosphatases
  • Adenosine Triphosphate–Binding Cassette Transporters
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 15 Membrane Carriers
  • Basic Carrier Mechanism
  • Three Transport Strategies
  • Diversity of Carrier Proteins
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 16 Membrane Channels
  • Channel Diversity and Evolution
  • Channel Structure
  • Channel Activity
  • Channels With One Transmembrane Segment
  • Channels With Two Transmembrane Segments
  • Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels
  • S5–S6 Channel Family
  • Ion Channels Gated by Extracellular Ligands
  • Chloride Channels
  • Ammonia Channels
  • Water Channels
  • Porins
  • Other Families of Channels
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Single-Channel Recordings With Patch Electrodes
  • Measuring Membrane Potentials With Intracellular Microelectrodes and Fluorescent Dyes
  • Extracellular Electrical Measurements
  • Diffusion Potentials
  • Quantitative Relationships
  • Nernst Potential for Various Ions
  • Membrane Capacitance
  • Chapter 17 Membrane Physiology
  • Chemiosmotic Cycles
  • Epithelial Transport
  • Cellular Volume Regulation
  • Excitable Membranes
  • Synaptic Transmission
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section VI Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking
  • Chapter 18 Posttranslational Targeting of Proteins
  • Transport of Proteins Into Mitochondria
  • Transport of Proteins Into Chloroplasts
  • General Import Pathway
  • Transport of Proteins Into Peroxisomes
  • Translocation of Eukaryotic Proteins Across the Plasma Membrane by ABC Transporters
  • Targeting to the Surfaces of the Plasma Membrane
  • Prokaryotic Protein Export
  • Acknowledgment
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 19 Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Peroxisomes
  • Acknowledgment
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 20 Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Overview of Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions and Organization
  • Proteins That Shape the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Overview of Protein Translocation Into the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Cotranslational Translocation
  • Posttranslational Mechanisms
  • Protein Modifications, Folding and Oligomerization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Protein Degradation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response
  • Lipid Biosynthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum–Organelle Contacts
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport
  • Mechanism of Vesicle Formation
  • Proteins Controlling Vesicle Fusion With Target Membranes
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 22 Secretory Membrane System and Golgi Apparatus
  • Overview of the Secretory Membrane System
  • Lipid Gradients in the Secretory Pathway
  • Transport From the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Transport From the Golgi Apparatus
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 23 Endocytosis and the Endosomal Membrane System
  • Phagocytosis
  • Macropinocytosis
  • Endocytosis Mediated by Caveolae
  • Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
  • Nonclathrin/Noncaveolar Endocytosis
  • Endocytic Compartments Associated With Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis
  • Lysosome-Related Organelles
  • Other Endocytic Compartments and Pathways
  • Endocytosis and Signaling
  • Endocytosis in Tissue Morphogenesis
  • Viruses and Protein Toxins as “Opportunistic Endocytic Ligands”
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 24 Processing and Degradation of Cellular Components
  • Characteristics of Constitutive Protein Turnover
  • Degradation by Proteasomes
  • Degradation in Lysosomes
  • Lipid Turnover and Degradation
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section VII Signaling Mechanisms
  • Chapter 25 Plasma Membrane Receptors
  • Seven-Helix Receptors
  • Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
  • Cytokine Receptors
  • Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
  • Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family
  • Notch Receptors
  • Hedgehog Receptors
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 26 Protein Hardware for Signaling
  • Protein Phosphorylation
  • Guanosine Triphosphate–Binding Proteins
  • Molecular Recognition by Adapter Domains
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 27 Second Messengers
  • Cyclic Nucleotides
  • Lipid-Derived Second Messengers
  • Calcium
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 28 Integration of Signals
  • Signal Transduction by G-Protein–Coupled, Seven-Helix Transmembrane Receptors
  • Detection of Odors by the Olfactory System
  • Photon Detection by the Vertebrate Retina
  • Regulation of Metabolism Through the β-Adrenergic Receptor
  • Signaling Pathways Influencing Gene Expression
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Pathways to the Nucleus
  • Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways
  • Insulin Pathways to GLUT4 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
  • T-Lymphocyte Pathways Through Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases
  • Cytokine Receptor, JAK/STAT Pathways
  • Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor Pathways Through SMADs
  • Bacterial Chemotaxis by a Two-Component Phosphotransfer System
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section VIII Cellular Adhesion and the Extracellular Matrix
  • Chapter 29 Cells of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune Systems of Animals
  • Indigenous Connective Tissue Cells
  • Origin and Development of Blood Cells
  • Cells Confined to the Blood
  • Cellular Basis of Innate Immunity
  • Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 30 Extracellular Matrix Molecules
  • Collagen
  • Elastic Fibers
  • Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans
  • Adhesive Glycoproteins
  • Basal Lamina
  • Matrix Metalloproteinases
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 31 Cellular Adhesion
  • General Principles of Cellular Adhesion
  • Identification and Characterization of Adhesion Receptors
  • Immunoglobulin Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules
  • Cadherin Family of Adhesion Receptors
  • Integrin Family of Adhesion Receptors
  • Selectin Family of Adhesion Receptors
  • Other Adhesion Receptors
  • Examples of Dynamic Adhesion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 32 Intercellular Junctions
  • Tight Junctions
  • Gap Junctions
  • Adherens Junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix: Focal Contacts and Hemidesmosomes
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 33 Connective Tissues
  • Loose Connective Tissue
  • Dense Connective Tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Formation and Growth of the Skeleton
  • Repair of Wounds and Fractures
  • Plant Cell Wall
  • Selected Readings
  • Section IX Cytoskeleton and Cellular Motility
  • Chapter 34 Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins
  • Actin Molecule
  • Evolution of the Actin Family
  • Actin-Related Proteins
  • Actin Polymerization
  • Actin-Binding Proteins
  • Actin Dynamics in Live Cells
  • Mechanical Properties of Cytoplasm
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 35 Microtubules and Centrosomes
  • Structure of Tubulin and Microtubules
  • Structure and Physical Properties ofMicrotubules
  • Microtubule Assembly and Dynamic Stability
  • Microtubule Dynamics in Cells
  • Regulation by Microtubule-Associated Proteins
  • Centrosomes and Other Microtubule Organizing Centers
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 36 Intermediate Filaments
  • Structure of Intermediate Filament Subunits
  • Evolution of Genes for Intermediate Filament Proteins
  • Filament Structure and Assembly
  • Posttranslational Modifications
  • Expression of Intermediate Filaments in Specialized Cells
  • Proteins Associated With Intermediate Filaments
  • Functions of Intermediate Filaments in Cells
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 37 Motor Proteins
  • Myosins
  • Microtubule Motors
  • Kinesins
  • Dyneins
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 38 Intracellular Motility
  • Rapid Intracellular Movements on Microtubules
  • Fast Axonal Transport
  • Slow Transport of Cytoskeletal Polymers and Associated Proteins in Axons
  • Other Microtubule-Dependent Movements
  • Intracellular Movements Driven by Microtubule Polymerization
  • Bulk Movement of Cytoplasm Driven by Actin and Myosin
  • Actin-Based Movements of Organelles in Other Cells
  • Intracellular Movements Driven by Actin Polymerization
  • Acknowledgment
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 39 Cellular Motility
  • Cell Shape Changes Produced by Extension of Surface Processes
  • Cell Shape Changes Produced by Contraction
  • Locomotion by Pseudopod Extension
  • Growth Cone Guidance: A Model for Regulation of Motility
  • Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella
  • Exotic Eukaryotic Motility Systems
  • Bacterial Flagella
  • Archaella
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 40 Muscles
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Section X Cell Cycle
  • Chapter 41 Introduction to the Cell Cycle
  • Principles of Cell-Cycle Regulation
  • Phases of the Cell Cycle
  • Control of Cell-Cycle Progression
  • Biochemical Basis of Cell-Cycle Transitions
  • Role of Phosphatases in Counter-Balancing Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity
  • Role of Protein Destruction in Cell-Cycle Control
  • Changing States of the Cytoplasm During the Cell Cycle
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 42 G1 Phase and Regulation of Cell Proliferation
  • G0 Phase and Growth Control
  • Moving In and Out of G0: Stem Cells
  • Reentry Into the Cell Cycle
  • The Restriction Point: A Critical G1 Decision Point
  • Regulation of Cell Proliferation by the Restriction Point
  • Restriction Point and Cancer
  • Cell-Cycle Entry and Cancer Treatment
  • Proteolysis and G1 Cell-Cycle Progression
  • Integrity of Cellular DNA Monitored by a G1/S Checkpoint
  • G1 Regulation: A Matter of Life and Death
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 43 S Phase and DNA Replication
  • DNA Replication: A Primer
  • Origins of Replication
  • Origin Licensing and Assembly of the Prereplication Complex
  • Cell Cycle Control of Origin Licensing
  • Signals That Start Replication
  • Mechanism of DNA Synthesis
  • Higher-Order Organization of DNA Replication in the Nucleus
  • Replication Stress and the Intra-S Checkpoint
  • Synthesis of the Histone Proteins
  • Other Events of the S Phase
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 44 G2 Phase: Responses toDNA Damage and Control ofEntry Into Mitosis
  • Enzymology of the G2/Mitosis Transition
  • Changes in Regulatory Protein Localization at the G2/M Transition
  • Cdk1 Activity and the Initiation ofProphase
  • Recap of the Main Events of the G2/M Transition
  • Replicating DNA Regulates the G2/Mitosis Transition
  • G2/M Checkpoint
  • DNA Damage Response
  • From the DNA Damage Response tothe G2/M Checkpoint
  • Transition to Mitosis
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 45 Mitosis
  • Prophase
  • Solving DNA Replication Problems During Prophase (MiDAS)
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 46 Cytokinesis
  • Cytokinesis by E. coli
  • Cytokinesis by Cells Using Contractile Rings
  • Regulatory Events During Exit From Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis in Plants
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 47 Meiosis
  • Chromosome Numbers Are Halved During Meiosis
  • Meiosis: An Essential Process for Sexual Reproduction
  • The Logic of Meiosis
  • Recombination
  • Chromosome Dynamics Define the Five Stages of Meiotic Prophase I
  • Synaptonemal Complex
  • Chiasmata
  • Cohesion and Chromosomal Movements During Meiosis I
  • Behavior of the Sex Chromosomes in Meiosis
  • Cell-Cycle Regulation of Meiotic Events
  • Suppression of DNA Replication Between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
  • Metaphase II Arrest and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
  • Timing of Meiosis in Humans
  • Meiotic Defects and Human Disease
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Chapter 48 Cell Death
  • Necessity for Cell Death in Multicellular Organisms
  • Programmed Cell Death Versus Accidental Cell Death: Apoptosis Versus Necrosis
  • Examples of Cells That Undergo Programmed Cell Death
  • Genetic Analysis of Apoptosis
  • Non-Apoptotic Roles of Caspases
  • CAD Nuclease and Its Chaperone ICAD
  • Bcl-2 Proteins and the Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Cell Death
  • Bcl-2 Family Members and Cancer
  • Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Death
  • Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Death
  • Role of the Fas Death Receptor in Normal and Diseased Cells
  • Linking Apoptosis to the Cell Cycle by p53
  • Regulated Cell Death
  • Other Types of Regulated Cell Death
  • Importance of Programmed Cell Death in Human Disease
  • Acknowledgments
  • Selected Readings
  • Cell SnapShots
  • Glossary
  • Index