Preface (Shoei K. Stephen Huang)
Preface (Jason S. Bradfield and Kalyanam Shivkumar)
PART 1 Fundamental Concepts of Transcatheter Energy Delivery
1 Biophysics and Pathophysiology of Radiofrequency Lesion Formation
Biophysics of Radiofrequency Energy Tissue Heating
Tissue Pathology and Pathophysiologic Response to Radiofrequency Ablation
Cellular Mechanisms of Thermal Injury
Determinants Of Effective Lesion Formation
Improving Radiofrequency Ablation Effectiveness
Biophysics of Pulsed-Field Ablation Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation
2 Biophysics and Clinical Applications of Cryoablation
History of Cryothermal Energy Use in Cardiovascular Medicine
Biophysics and Mechanisms of Cryothermal Energy Tissue Injury
Cryoablation Technical Aspects
Clinical Advantages of Cryothermal Energy for Catheter Ablation
3 Biophysics and Clinical Applications of Laser Ablation
Biophysics of Laser Ablation
Clinical Applications of Laser Ablation
4 Biophysics and Clinical Applications of Pulsed-Field Ablation
Biophysics of Lesion Formation
Biological Effects of Cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation
Effects and Safety of Pfa on Specific Tissue
Atrial Pulsed-Field Ablation
Ventricular Pulsed-Field Ablation
“Reversible” Electroporation
5 Contemporary Irrigated Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation
Biophysics of Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation
Design of Irrigated- and Cool-Tip Radiofrequency Catheters
Titrating Power and Duration During Irrigated Radio frequency Ablation
Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Flutter
Irrigated Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia
Irrigated Ablation from the Coronary Sinus for Accessory Pathways and Ventricular Arrhythmias
PART 2 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging
6 Cardiac Anatomy for Catheter Mapping and Ablation of Arrhythmias
Progressive Real Dissection of the Heart Viewed from the Right Anterior Oblique Direction
Progressive Virtual Dissection of the Heart Viewed from the Left Anterior Oblique Direction
7 Fundamentals of Intracardiac Mapping
Underlying Basis for the Extracellular Electrogram
Electrogram Recording: Amplification, Filtering, and Digitization of Signals
Unipolar and Bipolar Signals
Characteristics of Intracardiac Signals: Normal Heart
Endocardial Mapping Techniques
8 Fundamentals of Catheter Three-Dimensional Mapping Systems
Technology Used in 3D Mapping Systems
Functions (Capabilities) of 3D Mapping Systems
Step-By-Step Guide for Mapping
Use in Various Arrhythmias
9 High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Mapping Systems
Point-By-Point Versus Multielectrode Mapping
Types of Multielectrode Catheters
Limitations of High-Resolution Mapping
Future Perspectives of High-Resolution Mapping
10 Intracardiac Echocardiography, Computed Cardiac Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Guiding Mapping and Ablation
Intracardiac Echocardiography
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Multidetector Computed Tomography
PART 3 Catheter Ablation of Atrial Tachycardias and Flutters
11 Ablation of Focal Atrial Tachycardias
Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
12 Ablation of Cavotricuspid Isthmus–Dependent Atrial Flutters
Atrial Flutter Terminology
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Outcomes and Complications
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
13 Ablation of Non–Isthmus-Dependent Flutters and Atrial Macroreentry
Specific Forms of Atypical Flutter (See Table 13.1)
14 Ablation of Atrial Flutter/Tachycardia in Congenital Heart Disease
General Principles of Catheter Ablation for Congenital Heart Disease
Intra-Atrial Reentrant Tachycardia Circuit Characteristics in Congenital Heart Disease
Approach to Catheter Ablation
Potential Complications and Collateral Damage
Catheter Ablation for Specific Forms of Congenital Heart Disease
Outcomes of Catheter Ablation in Congenital Heart Disease
PART 4 Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
15 Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Radiofrequency Energy Ablation Technologies
Preprocedural Considerations
Procedural Considerations
Complications of Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Postprocedural Considerations
Radiofrequency-Balloon Ablation for Pvi
16 Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using the Cryoballoon Catheter
Randomized Controlled Trial Data
Preprocedural Considerations
Cryoballoon Ablation Procedure
17 Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Pulsed-Field Ablation or Laser Balloon
Pulsed-Field Ablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Pulmonary Vein Isolation with Laser Balloon
18 Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Initiated by Non–Pulmonary Vein Triggers
Electrophysiologic Characteristics and Incidence of Npv Triggers
Pathophysiology of Af Triggers from Npv Areas
Provocation Test for Npv Triggers
Mapping and Localization of the Npv Triggers
Npv Triggers From Different Locations
Efficacy and Outcome of Catheter Ablation
19 Substrate-Based Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Anatomic Approaches to Substrate Modification
Electrogram-Guided Atrial Ablation
Right Atrial Substrate Ablation
Additional Techniques and Future Considerations
20 Ablation of Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Assessment of the Patient with Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent AF
Ablation Strategies in Patients with Persistent AF
21 Epicardial and Endocardial Hybrid Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
22 Ablation Strategies for Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
How to Map Patients with Nonparoxysmal AF
Ancillary Techniques in Patients with PeAF
Ablation of Other Structures
PART 5 Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia and the Atrioventricular Junction
23 Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia and Focal Junctional Tachycardia
Anatomy of the Atrioventricular Node and Its Inputs
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry and Atypical Presentations
AV Nodal Reentry and Other Arrhythmias
Preventing Atrioventricular Block During Catheter Ablation
Outcomes of Slow Pathway Ablation
Ablation of Junctional Tachycardia
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
24 Ablation of Challenging/Difficult Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia
Baseline Electrophysiologic Challenges
When Your Ablation does not Seem To Be Working
25 Ablation/Modification of Atrioventricular Junction for Heart Rate Control of Permanent Atrial Fibrillation
Complete Atrioventricular Junction Ablation
Atrioventricular Junction Ablation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Implantation
Atrioventricular Junction Ablation Plus Pacing Versus Primary Catheter Ablation in Drug-Refractory Atrial Fibrillation
Outcomes and Complications of AV Junction Ablation
Troubleshooting the Difficult Cases
Atrioventricular Junction Modification
PART 6 Catheter Ablation of Accessory Atrioventricular Connections
26 Ablation of Free Wall Accessory Pathways
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
27 Ablation of Posteroseptal Accessory Pathways
Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
28 Catheter Ablation of Superoparaseptal (“Anteroseptal”) and Midseptal Accessory Pathways
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Mapping and Ablation Techniques
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
29 Ablation of Atriofascicular Accessory Pathways and Variants
Atriofascicular Accessory Pathways
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia Coexisting with Atriofascicular Accessory Pathways
Mapping of Accessory Pathway Along the Tricuspid Annulus
Catheter-Induced Mechanical Conduction Block
Identification of the Atrial Insertion
Identification of the Ventricular Insertion
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
Atriofascicular Pathway Variants
Atrioventricular Pathways with Decremental Conduction
Left-Sided Decremental Accessory Pathways
Nodoventricular and Nodofascicular Accessory Pathways
Fasciculoventricular Accessory Pathways
30 Ablation of Challenging/Difficult Accessory Pathways
Common Challenges in Accessory Pathway Mapping/Ablation
1. Misdiagnosis of the Tachycardia
Oblique Accessory Pathways
Challenging Case Presentation
PART 7 Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardias
31 Ablation of Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardias
Anatomy of the Outflow Tracts
Clinical Outcomes and Complications
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
Basal Inferoseptum: Site of Origin for Idiopathic VAs
32 Ablation of Idiopathic Left and Right Ventricular and Fascicular Tachycardias
Mitral Annular Ventricular Tachycardia
Tricuspid Annular Ventricular Tachycardia
Papillary Muscle Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Tachycardia Arising from the Crux of the Heart
Reentrant Left Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia
Nonreentrant Fascicular Ventricular Tachycartdia
33 Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease
Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Periprocedural Considerations
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
34 Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
Etiology and Characterization of the Arrhythmogenic Substrate
Disease-Specific Arrhythmogenic Substrate
Preablation Workup and Procedural Planning
Selection of Target Sites for Ablation
Ablation Technique and Endpoints
Disease-Specific Considerations For Ablation
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
35 Ablation of Unstable Ventricular Tachycardia and Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
Ablation Strategies Based on Substrate Mapping
Integrating the Mapping and Ablation Strategies for Ablation of Unstable Ventricular Tachycardia
Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
Conclusion and Future Directions
36 Substrate-Based Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Mapping Ventricular Tachycardia Substrate
Cardiac Imaging to Guide Substrate-Based Ablation
Substrate-Based Ablation for Elimination of Ventricular Tachycardia
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
37 Epicardial Approach to Catheter Ablationof Ventricular Tachycardia
Clinical Indications for Epicardial Mapping
Subxiphoid Percutaneous Technique
Mapping and Ablation Tools
Intrapericardial Steroid and Repeat Access
38 Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Congenital Heart Disease
Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Mapping: Approach to Efficient Mapping
Risk Stratification Prior to Pulmonary Valve Replacement
Troubleshooting the Difficult Case
39 Ablation of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Brugada Syndrome
Arrhythmogenic Substrates
Catheter Ablation of Brugada Substrates
Ablation Protocol and Endpoint
Efficacy and Safety of Catheter Ablation for BRS
Combined Syndrome of Brs and Ers
40 Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Substrate Formation: Arrhythmogenesis and Disease Phenotype
Sympathetic Modulation and Arrhythmogenesis in Early ARVC
Substrate Distribution: Patterns of Scar and Implications on Electroanatomical Mapping
The Role of Endocardial Mapping and Ablation in ARVC
Epicardial Electroanatomical Mapping and Ablation Strategies
Outcomes of Epicardial Ablations in ARVC
41 Hybrid Approaches for Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia
PART 8 Miscellaneous Topics
42 Complications Associated with Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Vascular Access–Related Complications
Sheath/Catheter Manipulation–Related Complications
Energy Delivery–Related Complications
Epicardial Catheter Ablation–Related Complications
43 Atrial Transseptal Catheterization
Anatomic Considerations for Transseptal Catheterization
Indications and Contraindications for Atrial Transseptal Catheterization
Intraprocedural Patient Management: Sedation and Anticoagulation
Techniques and Tools for Transseptal Catheterization
Approach to the Difficult Transseptal Catheterization
Procedural Complications and Tools to Lower Their Risks
44 Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Pediatric Population
Are children just little adults?
Arrhythmias Unique to the Pediatric Patient