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Hypertension, 4th Edition. A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease

George L. Bakris, Luke J. Laffin, Matthew Sorrentino
ISBN: 9780323883696
ISBN: 9780323883696
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Part of the renowned Braunwald family of references, Hypertension: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease provides today’s clinicians with clear, authoritative guidance on every aspect of managing and treating patients who suffer from hypertensive disorders. An invaluable resource for cardiologists, endocrinologists, and nephrologists, this one-stop reference covers all the latest developments from basic science to clinical trials and guidelines related to the treatment of common to complex hypertension. Now fully updated from cover to cover, the 4th Edition offers unparalleled coverage of hypertension in an accessible and user-friendly manner.
Key Features
  • Thoroughly covers new treatment guidelines related to recent research and the latest physiologic understanding for a wide range of patients with hypertension and related co-morbidities.
  • Includes new chapters on Hypertension in Women, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists, Exercise and Hypertension, and Telemedicine/Digital Health.
  • Contains new or expanded content on epidemiology, pathophysiology, immunology, clinical findings, laboratory testing, invasive and non-invasive testing, risk stratification, clinical decision-making, prognosis, and management.
  • Provides new chapter summaries and a new focus on clinical and actionable content using a streamlined, narrative format.
  • Covers behavior management and prevention as an integral part of hypertensive and pre-hypertensive treatment plans.
  • Highlights combination drug therapies and management of chronic complications of hypertension.
  • Offers expert guidance from worldwide experts in cardiology, endocrinology, and nephrology, and integrates the most recent guidelines from leading organizations around the world.
  • An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Author Information
Edited by George L. Bakris, MD, Professor of Medicine, Director, Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Matthew Sorrentino, MD, Professor of Medicine, Associate Director, Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois and Luke J. Laffin, MD, Co-Director, Center for Blood Pressure Disorders, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover image
  • Title page
  • Table of Contents
  • Copyright
  • Contributors
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Braunwald’s Heart Disease Family of Books
  • Section I: Epidemiology and Preventive Strategies
  • 1: General Population and Global Cardiovascular Risk Prediction
  • Abstract
  • Epidemiology and Risk Factors
  • Prevalence and Secular Trends
  • Risk Factors for Hypertension
  • Classification of Blood Pressure
  • Sequelae and Outcomes with Hypertension
  • Risk Factor Clustering
  • Global Risk Assessment as a Strategy for Hypertension Treatment
  • Importance of Preventing the Development of Elevated Blood Pressure
  • Summary
  • References
  • 2: Diet and Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • Pathogenesis of diet-related hypertension
  • Dietary patterns
  • Gut microbiome and hypertension
  • Special populations
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 3: Exercise and Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Effects of exercise on acute changes in blood pressure
  • Effects of exercise training on changes in blood pressure
  • Prescribing individualized exercise training
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 4: Hypertension in Women
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Hypertension in reproductive age women
  • Hypertension in pregnancy
  • Blood pressure after menopause
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Section II: Pathophysiology
  • 5: Pathophysiology of Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • Cardiac Output, Vascular Resistance, and Blood Pressure Regulation
  • Chronic Blood Pressure Regulation
  • Salt Sensitivity and Renal Mechanisms of Hypertension
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Endothelial Dysfunction
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Primary (Essential) Hypertension
  • Possible Role of Gene Variants, Gene-Environment Interactions, and Epigenetics in Primary Hypertension
  • Role of Overweight and Obesity in Primary Hypertension
  • Summary and Perspectives
  • References
  • 6: Genetics of Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Monogenic (secondary) hypertension
  • Genomics of primary hypertension
  • Summary
  • References
  • 7: Inflammation and Immunity in Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Basic Mechanisms by which Inflammation Contributes to Hypertension
  • Mechanisms of Immune Activation in Hypertension
  • Clinical Implications Regarding Inflammation in Hypertension
  • Summary and Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • Section III: Diagnosis and Evaluation
  • 8: The Environment and High Blood Pressure
  • Abstract
  • Common environmental risk factors for high blood pressure
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 9: Office Blood Pressure Measurement
  • Abstract
  • WHY SHOULD I, AND MY STAFF, READ THIS CHAPTER IN GREAT DETAIL?
  • A brief history of more than a century of blood pressure measurement
  • The importance of careful blood pressure measurement for the health care system
  • Environmental concerns about elemental mercury in the medical workplace
  • How can the measurement of blood pressure be improved in clinical practice?
  • Blood pressure measurement: proper technique for quality assurance and improvement
  • Critical skills for any blood pressure observer
  • Manometers and their calibration
  • Stethoscopes
  • Selection and application of the proper blood pressure cuff
  • Preparing for an accurate reading
  • Measuring the blood pressure
  • Standardized monitoring for accuracy, reproducibility, and observer bias
  • Inspect equipment for quality assurance
  • Assess staff skills and knowledge of blood pressure measurement
  • Assess performance regarding blood pressure measurements
  • Summary
  • References
  • 10: Home Monitoring of Blood Pressure
  • Abstract
  • Advantages and Limitations
  • Clinical Indications and Usefulness
  • Prognostic Value
  • Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Hypertension Management
  • Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Special Populations
  • Cost-Effectiveness
  • Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring
  • Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Research
  • Home Versus Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
  • Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Recommendations (Table 10.2)
  • Summary
  • References
  • 11: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Hypertension Management
  • Abstract
  • Circadian variation of blood pressure
  • Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure
  • Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the management of hypertension
  • Useful situations for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in antihypertensive clinical trials
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 12: White Coat and Masked Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Definitions and diagnostic approach
  • Agreement and discrepancies between ABPM and HBPM in identifying MH and WCH
  • Prevalence
  • Impact of 2018 ESC/ESH and 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines on the prevalence of white-coat and masked hypertension
  • Clinical significance
  • Management
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 13: Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy
  • Abstract
  • Disease definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment of renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy
  • Management strategies for renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy
  • References
  • 14: Secondary Hypertension: Primary Hyperaldosteronism and Mineralocorticoid Excess States
  • Abstract
  • Primary aldosteronism
  • Clinical presentation
  • Diagnostic investigation
  • Treatment
  • Other forms of mineralocorticoid excess or effect
  • References
  • 15: Secondary Hypertension: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
  • Abstract
  • Screening and diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in pregnancy
  • Follow-up
  • Metastatic disease
  • Genetic syndromes
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 16: Sleep Disruption and Blood Pressure
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Sleep-disordered breathing
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
  • Narcolepsy
  • Conclusions
  • Disclosures
  • References
  • Section IV: Risk Stratification
  • 17: The Natural History of Untreated Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Transition from normal blood pressure to hypertension
  • Untreated hypertension and subclinical target organ damage
  • Untreated hypertension and mortality
  • Untreated hypertension and clinical cardiovascular disease
  • Summary
  • References
  • 18: Isolated Systolic Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Pathophysiology
  • Cardiovascular risk
  • Randomized clinical trials
  • Management
  • Summary
  • References
  • 19: Assessment of Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage
  • Abstract
  • Target organ “brain”
  • Target organ “heart”
  • Target organ “eye”
  • Target organ “kidney”
  • Target organ “vasculature”
  • References
  • Section V: Antihypertensive Therapy
  • 20: Diuretics Therapy
  • Abstract
  • Pharmacology
  • Contemporary role of diuretics in the management of hypertension
  • Diuretic dosing
  • Adverse effects of diuretics
  • Drug interactions
  • Practical Considerations
  • Summary
  • References
  • 21: Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Abstract
  • Mode of action and subclasses of calcium channel blockers
  • Calcium channel blockers in the management of hypertension
  • Cautions and contraindications for calcium channel blockers
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 22: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Blockers
  • Abstract
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
  • Angiotensin ii receptor blockers
  • Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor
  • Renin inhibitor
  • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
  • References
  • 23: Aldosterone and Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Hypertension as a “Syndrome”
  • Aldosterone, Mineralocorticoid Receptor, and the Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
  • Aldosterone Actions
  • A Continuum of Renin-Independent Aldosteronism
  • Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Hypertension
  • Identifying Individuals With Aldosterone/MR Dysregulation
  • Genetics of Primary Hypertension Involving Dysregulated Aldosterone/MR
  • References
  • 24: β-Blockers, Central Sympathetic Agents, and Direct Vasodilators
  • Abstract
  • Mechanism of Action
  • Clinical Application
  • Adverse Effects
  • β-Blockers
  • The Central Sympatholytics
  • Imidazoline Receptor Agonists
  • Central and Peripheral Adrenergic Inhibitors
  • Direct Vasodilators
  • References
  • 25: Peripheral Alpha Blockers
  • Abstract
  • The Sympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
  • Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
  • Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptors: Organ Distribution and Activity
  • Clinical Indications and Adverse Effects
  • References
  • 26: Initial Combination Therapies
  • Abstract
  • Rationale for initial combination therapy
  • Obstacles to treatment
  • Available single-pill combinations
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers with diuretics
  • Nonapproved combinations
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 27: Device Therapies for Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Central sympathetic nervous system
  • Renal artery denervation
  • Arteriovenous anastomosis
  • Baroreflex stimulation: baroreflex activation therapy and baroreflex amplification
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 28: The Treatment of Hypertension With Nutrition, Nutritional Supplements, and Lifestyle
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Treatment of hypertension with nutrition and nutritional supplements
  • Vitamin C
  • Dietary Nitrates and Nitrites
  • References
  • Section VI: Hypertension Management Approaches
  • 29: Approach to Difficult to Manage Primary Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Definition of hypertension
  • How to diagnose hypertension
  • Measuring blood pressure
  • Hypertension evaluation
  • Lifestyle modification
  • Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension
  • Blood pressure targets
  • Summary
  • References
  • 30: Team-Based Care for Hypertension Management
  • Abstract
  • Team-based care of hypertension
  • An integrated model to provide hypertension care
  • Summary
  • References
  • 31: Medication Adherence: Focus on Improvement
  • Abstract
  • Definitions and prevalence
  • Reasons for nonadherence
  • Assessing and measuring medication adherence
  • Strategies and interventions to improve adherence
  • Summary
  • References
  • 32: Digital Health and Telemedicine for Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Digital Health and Telemedicine: Definitions
  • Digital Health and Telemedicine Diffusion Worldwide
  • Common Solutions for Hypertension Management Through Telemedicine
  • Settings and Target Populations
  • Efficacy of Telemedicine for Hypertension Management
  • Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of Telemedicine for Hypertension Management
  • Perspectives
  • Recommendations
  • References
  • Section VII: Hypertension Management With Comorbidities
  • 33: Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Abstract
  • Relationship between hypertension and coronary artery disease
  • Primary prevention of coronary artery disease in patients with hypertension
  • Management of hypertension in patients with established coronary artery disease
  • Management of hypertension in patients with peripheral arterial disease
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 34: Heart Failure
  • Abstract
  • The heart failure epidemic
  • Hypertension in the development of heart failure
  • Hypertensive heart disease
  • Landmark hypertension trials to prevent symptomatic heart failure
  • Hypertension treatment in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
  • Hypertension treatment in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
  • A strategy for guiding hypertension treatment to prevent heart failure
  • Current evidence gaps
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 35: Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease Including Dialysis
  • Abstract
  • Pathophysiology of hypertension in kidney disease
  • Blood pressure goals in chronic kidney disease
  • Selection of antihypertensive agent
  • Out-of-Office-Blood pressure monitoring
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 36: Transplant Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiology and pathogenesis
  • Treatment targets
  • Evaluation and treatment
  • Drug classes
  • An approach to treatment of posttransplant hypertension
  • Hypertension after heart transplant
  • Hypertension after liver transplant
  • Summary
  • References
  • 37: Obesity and Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Treatment
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Hypertension
  • Anti-Obesity Therapy in Obesity Hypertension
  • Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obesity Hypertension
  • Anti-Hypertensive Therapy in Obesity Hypertension
  • References
  • 38: Cerebrovascular Disease
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Definition of stroke
  • Brief overview of stroke epidemiology
  • Treatment of acute ischemic stroke
  • Prevention of a first stroke
  • Blood pressure and maintenance of cognition
  • Summary
  • References
  • 39: Diabetes Mellitus: Management of Hypertension in Diabetes
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiology of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Diabetes-Related Complications
  • Shared Risk Factors for Diabetes and Hypertension
  • Pathogenesis of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Diabetes-Related Vascular Complications
  • Clinical Management of Hypertension in Diabetes
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 40: Onco-Hypertension: Anticancer Therapy-Associated Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Background
  • Anticancer therapies associated with hypertension
  • Other potential causes of hypertension in patients with cancer
  • Importance of blood pressure control in patients with cancer
  • Management of hypertension in patients with cancer
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 41: Autonomic Dysfunction and Orthostatic Hypotension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension
  • Clinical consequences of orthostatic hypotension and associated hypertension
  • Evaluation of the patient with orthostatic hypotension and identification of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
  • Management of hypertension in the patient with orthostatic hypotension
  • Management of orthostatic hypotension in the hypertensive patient
  • Summary
  • References
  • 42: Dyslipidemia
  • Abstract
  • Epidemiology
  • Major society guidelines for the treatment of elevated blood cholesterol
  • Therapeutic considerations specific to the management of patients with dyslipidemia and hypertension
  • Summary
  • References
  • 43: Aorta and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Aortic disease in hypertension
  • Peripheral arterial disease in hypertension
  • Summary
  • References
  • Section VIII: Special Populations
  • 44: Hypertension in Pregnancy
  • Abstract
  • Hypertension: a companion to braunwald heart disease
  • Classification and definitions
  • Clinical features and management of chronic hypertension during pregnancy
  • Clinical features and management of preeclampsia
  • Gestational hypertension
  • Postpartum management of hypertension
  • Antihypertensive medications and lactation
  • Summary
  • References
  • 45: Hypertension in Older People
  • Abstract
  • Increase in systolic blood pressure in older adults: a consequence of the arterial aging
  • Frailty, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, impaired functional capacities, and loss of autonomy
  • Clinical evaluation
  • Antihypertensive therapy
  • Other important issues in older hypertensive patients
  • Summary
  • References
  • 46: Hypertension in African Americans
  • Abstract
  • Epidemiology of hypertension in african americans
  • Pathophysiology
  • Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • Strategies for hypertension treatment and control
  • Clinical practice guidelines
  • Disparities in care and clinical outcomes
  • Research implications
  • Summary
  • References
  • 47: Resistant Hypertension
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Definition
  • Prevalence and Incidence of Resistant Hypertension
  • Factors Contributing to Resistant Hypertension
  • Proposed Treatment for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
  • Summary
  • References
  • 48: Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgencies
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contemporary Definitions
  • Clinical Evaluation
  • Clinical Management
  • Special Situations
  • Summary
  • References
  • 49: Hypertension in Children: Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiology of hypertension in children and adolescents
  • Definition of hypertension in childhood
  • Measuring the blood pressure
  • Causes of hypertension in the young
  • Evaluation of hypertension in children and adolescents
  • Management of hypertension in children and adolescents
  • Hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease
  • Acute Severe Hypertension
  • References
  • Appendix: Meta-Analyses of Blood Pressure Lowering Trials
  • Meta-analyses
  • The blood pressure lowering treatment trialists’ collaboration analyses
  • Overall effects of blood pressure lowering among high-risk patients with elevated blood pressure
  • Comparisons of different drug classes
  • Blood pressure-dependent and blood pressure-independent effects of blood pressure treatment
  • Adverse events related to blood pressure lowering treatment and individual drug classes
  • Effects in important patient subgroups
  • Summary
  • References
  • Index

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