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Keratoconus, 1st Edition. Diagnosis and Management

ISBN: 9780323759786
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Περιγραφή

Offering practical clinical guidance for early diagnosis and effective management, Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management is a concise, easy-to-read guide to help minimize loss of vision in patients in a way that does not interfere with quality of life. From early diagnosis and intervention through the most up-to-date treatment approaches, this comprehensive reference covers the essential information needed by cornea fellows and specialists, general ophthalmologists and residents, and optometrists.
Key Features
  • Provides expert, step-by-step guidance and real-world perspectives from global contributors in the field.
  • Covers the latest advances in cornea transplantation, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in adult and pediatric patients, intrastromal corneal rings, intraocular lenses, corneal regeneration, and laser surgery.
  • Includes quick-reference boxes throughout highlighting essential clinical facts, pitfalls, potential complications, and clinical guidelines.
  • Presents real-world case studies of actual patient scenarios from early to advanced disease states.
  • Features high-quality imaging for keratoconus at various stages, including OCT, Brillouin scanning microscopy, Scheimpflug and combined Placido and Scheimpflug, combined Placido and AS-OCT, clinical and surgical photos, and more.
  • Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Author Information
Edited by Luis Izquierdo, MD, PhD, Professor of Ophthalmology Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Chair, Department of Ophthalmology Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos Lima, Peru ; Maria A. Henriquez, MD, PhD, Chief of the Research Department, Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos Professor of Ophthalmology Universidad San Martin de Porras Lima, Peru and Mark J Mannis, MD, FACS, Professor and Chair, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, UC Davis Health System Eye Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover Image
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Table of Contents
  • Section 1 Keratoconus Principles
  • Chapter 1 Keratoconus: A Brief History
  • In the Beginning: 17th and 18th Centuries
  • The 19th Century: The Age of Description
  • Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Period of Emerging Therapies
  • References
  • Chapter 2 Keratoconus: Definitions
  • Key Concepts
  • Keratoconus: Definitions
  • Suspicious Topography Criteria
  • Unilateral KC
  • Consensus Needed in the Future
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Epidemiology of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Incidence and Prevalence
  • Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors for Keratoconus
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Genetics of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Evidence for Genetic Predisposition and Familial Inheritance of KC
  • Genome-Wide Association Studies
  • Transcriptomic and Expression Studies
  • Implementation of Genetic Insights in Clinical Practice
  • Conclusion
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Pathophysiology of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Causation and Associations
  • Clinical Pathology
  • Histopathology and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy
  • Biochemical Pathology
  • Genetics of Keratoconus
  • Biomechanics in the Pathophysiology of Keratoconus
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Biomechanics of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Applications of Corneal Biomechanics
  • Chronic Biomechanical Failure of the Cornea (Keratectasia)
  • Ocular Response Analyzer
  • The Corvis ST
  • Brillouin Optical Microscopy
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Section 2 Clinical Classification and Course
  • Chapter 7 Keratoconus Classification Systems
  • Introduction
  • Cone Morphology
  • Keratoconus Disease Severity Classification Systems
  • Classifying Keratoconus Progression
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Clinical Course and Progression of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Clinical Course and Progression of Keratoconus: Current State of the Art
  • Keratoconus Progression Monitoring: New Insights
  • References
  • Section 3 Diagnosis and Associated Disorders
  • Chapter 9 Differential Diagnosis of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Ectatic Disorders
  • Corneal Tomography
  • Corneal Biomechanical Response
  • Higher Order Aberrations
  • Corneal Densitometry
  • Non-ectatic Disorders
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 10 Keratoconus: Associated Systemic Diseases
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • References
  • Chapter 11 Inflammation in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Status of Inflammatory Factors in Keratoconus
  • Association Between Inflammatory Factors and Disease Characteristics
  • Inflammatory Factors and Keratoconus Pathogenesis
  • Inflammatory Factors Modulation and Keratoconus Management
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 12 Psychology of Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Psychological Roots of Keratoconus
  • Keratoconus and Personality
  • Physician Interactions
  • Two-Hit Hypothesis
  • Association With Mental Health Disorders
  • Modifications to Patient Counseling
  • References
  • Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Models of Artificial Intelligence in Keratoconus
  • Artificial Intelligence in Milder Forms of Keratoconus
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Section 4 Imaging
  • Chapter 14 Corneal Topography in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Corneal Topography
  • Axial Versus Tangential Map
  • Corneal Topography in Suspected Keratoconus Cases
  • Red Flags
  • Indices
  • Final Considerations
  • References
  • Chapter 15 Scheimpflug Imaging for Keratoconus and Ectatic Disease
  • Key Concepts
  • Background
  • Elevation Maps
  • Enhanced Reference Surface and BAD Display
  • Belin ABCD Progression Display
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 16 Dual Scheimpflug Tomography and Placido Topography
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Tomographic Characteristics of Ectasia
  • Tomographic Characteristics of Asymmetry
  • Central Thinning and Corneal Volume
  • References
  • Chapter 17 Ocular Wavefront Analysis
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Understanding Wavefront Aberrations
  • Types of Wavefront Systems
  • Corneal Wavefront Measurements
  • Total Wavefront for Diagnosing Keratoconus
  • Ray-Tracing Aberrometry for Ectasia Diagnosis
  • Impact of Wavefront Analysis in Refraction of Keratoconus
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 18 Epithelial Thickness Mapping for Keratoconus Screening by VHF Digital Ultrasound or Anterior Segment OCT
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • History of the Measurement of Epithelial Thickness
  • Understanding the Predictable Behavior of the Corneal Epithelium
  • Case Examples
  • Automated Algorithm for Classification by Epithelium
  • Factors Influencing the Epithelium
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 19 Confocal Microscopy
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Corneal Epithelium and Subepithelial Nerve Plexus
  • Corneal Stroma
  • Descemet Membrane
  • Corneal Endothelium
  • Chapter Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 20 Other Diagnostic Imaging Tools for Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Background
  • Biomechanics
  • In Vivo Assessment of Corneal Biomechanics
  • Corvis ST in Keratoconus
  • Corvis ST in Suspected Keratoconus/Forme Fruste Keratoconus
  • Corvis ST in Refractive Surgery
  • Corvis ST in Cross-Linking
  • Corvis ST Limitations
  • Normal Corneas
  • Keratoconus Corneas
  • Cross-Linking
  • Limitations of Brillouin Spectroscopy
  • Ex Vivo Devices
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • Section 5 Non-Surgical Management
  • Chapter 21 Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management With Spectacles and Contact Lenses
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Scleral Lens Removal
  • References
  • Section 6 Surgical Management
  • Chapter 22 Surgical Planning in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Background
  • Surgical Procedures
  • Intracorneal Ring Segments (ICRS)
  • Phakic Intraocular Lens
  • Keratoplasty: Penetrating Keratoplasty and Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
  • Surgical Planning
  • Kmax
  • Refractive Surgery Post Keratoconus Therapy (RESPKT)
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 23 Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments Mechanism and Techniques
  • Key Concepts
  • Mechanism
  • Techniques
  • PocketMaker Ultrakeratome
  • The Advantages of Femtosecond Laser Technique
  • Complications Encountered During Implantation
  • References
  • Chapter 24 Anatomy of Intracorneal Ring Segments for the Treatment of Keratoconus and Other Corneal Ectasias
  • Key Concepts
  • Anatomy of an Intracorneal Segment
  • Flat Segments
  • Conical
  • Thickness
  • Asymmetric Segments
  • Profiles of ISCRs
  • Arcs of the ISCRs
  • Using ISCRs in Different Topographic Patterns
  • Main Segment and Secondary or Accessory Segment
  • Topographic Stages and Their Most Frequent Patterns
  • Uncited References
  • References
  • Chapter 25 Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments: Outcomes and Complications
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Outcomes
  • Complications
  • References
  • Chapter 26 Corneal Cross-Linking: History, Physiology, and Techniques
  • Key Concepts
  • Basic Parameters
  • Experimental Studies
  • Clinical Studies
  • References
  • Chapter 27 Corneal Cross-Linking: Results and Complications
  • Key Concepts
  • Clinical Results
  • Complications
  • References
  • Chapter 28 Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients with Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Epi-Off CXL (Dresden Protocol)
  • Transepithelial CXL
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 29 Corneal Laser Surgery for Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Procedure Planning
  • Treatment Modalities
  • Corneal Laser Ablation and Cross-Linking: Sequential Versus Combined
  • Postoperative Stromal Haze
  • Outsourcing Aberrations Treatments
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 30 Phakic Intraocular Lenses
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Patient Selection
  • Combined Corneal Cross-Linking Plus Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
  • Combined Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segment Plus Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
  • Phakic Intraocular Lenses After Keratoplasty in Keratoconic Eyes
  • Complications of Phakic Intraocular Lens in Keratoconus
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 31 Lamellar Keratoplasty in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Classification
  • DALK Techniques
  • Cannula Big Bubble
  • Pachy-Bubble
  • Bubble Size Optimization
  • Small Bubble Test
  • Bubble Deflation
  • Peeling Technique
  • Layer-by-Layer Manual Dissection
  • Pachymetry-Assisted Manual DALK
  • General Surgical Tips
  • Intraoperative Complications
  • Postoperative Complications
  • References
  • Chapter 32 Penetrating Keratoplasty in Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 33 Combined Procedures for Keratoconus
  • Key Concepts
  • CXL-Plus
  • Chapter 34 Alternative Surgical Techniques: Bowman’s Layer Transplantation and Stromal Regenerating Techniques
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Bowman’s Layer Transplantation
  • Stromal Regeneration Techniques
  • Crescent Keratectomy Assisted by Laser
  • References
  • Chapter 35 Cataract Surgery in the Keratoconus Patient
  • Key Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Preoperative Assessment
  • Intraocular Lens Power Calculation
  • Intraocular Lens Selection
  • Surgical Considerations
  • Combined Procedures
  • Special Situations
  • Posterior Keratoconus
  • Patient Expectations
  • Conclusions
  • Helpful Clinical Tips
  • Potential Pitfalls
  • References
  • Chapter 36 Cellular Therapy of the Corneal Stroma: A New Type of Corneal Surgery for Keratoconus and Corneal Dystrophies—A Translational Research Experience
  • Key Concepts
  • Background: From the Lab to the Patient
  • Translation to a New Type of Advanced Corneal Therapy
  • Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  • Adipose-Derived Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  • Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  • Embryonic Stem Cells
  • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
  • Corneal Stromal Stem Cells
  • Ocular Surface Implantation of Stem Cells
  • Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells Alone
  • Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells Together With a Biodegradable Scaffold
  • Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells With a Decellularized Corneal Stroma Scaffold
  • Anterior Chamber Injection of Stem Cells
  • Intravenous Injection of Stem Cells
  • First Clinical Human Experience in Advanced Keratoconus Cases
  • Results
  • Discussion and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 37 Medical and Surgical Management of Corneal Hydrops
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiology and Risk Factors
  • Natural History
  • Pathogenesis
  • Diagnosis
  • Management
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Section 7 Case Studies
  • Chapter 38 Central Keratoconus: Case Study
  • Case Study
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 39 Very Early Keratoconus: Case Study
  • Key Concepts
  • Case Study
  • Introduction
  • Diagnosis
  • Curvature-Based Topography
  • Elevation-Based Topography
  • Optical Coherence Tomography
  • Treatment
  • References
  • Chapter 40 Advanced Keratoconus: Case Study
  • Introduction
  • Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments
  • Bowman’s Layer Transplantation
  • Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty and Penetrating Keratoplasty
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • Index