Section I. Historical Notes
1. A brief history of pediatric cardiology and congenital heart surgery
Section II. Developmental Anatomy and Physiology
3. Morphologic-anatomic diagnosis: Normal and pathologic cardiac morphology
4. Fetal and transitional circulation
Section III. Cardiac Genetics
5. Genetics of congenital heart disease
6. Dysmorphology and syndromes
Patterns of syndromic congenital cardiac malformations
Contiguous gene deletion syndromes
Section IV. Noninvasive Tools of Diagnosis
7. History, physical examination, oximetry, chest radiograph, and other baseline testing
Cardiac electrical activity
Ambulatory ECG monitoring
Two-dimensional echocardiography
Three-dimensional echocardiography
Contrast echocardiography
Objectives of the echocardiographic examination
Interpretation and reporting
Special echocardiographic procedures
10. Advanced cardiac imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Cardiac computed tomography
11. Assessment of myocardial performance
Myocardial versus ventricular mechanics
Systolic myocardial and ventricular mechanics
Diastolic myocardial and ventricular mechanics
Myocardial and ventricular compliance
The effect of heart rate on cardiac performance
Understanding stress echocardiography basics: Assessment of ischemia
Conduct of an exercise test
Interpretation of exercise physiology tests
Section V. Cardiac Catheterization
13. Fundamentals of cardiac catheterization
Indications for cardiac catheterization
Oxygen content and saturation
14. Interventional cardiac catheterization
Transcatheter valve dilation
Transcatheter valve replacement
Diagnostic and interventional catheterization in postoperative management
15. Lymphatic anomalies and interventions
Basic lymphatic physiology and anatomy
Lymphatic abnormalities in congenital heart disease
Lymphatic imaging and interventions
16. Fetal cardiac interventions
Aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Fetal cardiac intervention for aortic stenosis: Procedure technique
Complications during fetal cardiac intervention procedure
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Technique: Fetal cardiac intervention for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Section VI. Electrophysiology
17. Cardiac arrhythmias and antiarrhythmic drugs
Pathophysiology of arrhythmias
Management of supraventricular tachycardia
Management of ventricular tachycardia
Disorders of atrioventricular conduction
Pharmacologic therapy for arrhythmias
18. Electrophysiology studies and transcatheter ablation
Historical experience and outcomes
Indications for electrophysiology study and ablation
Approach to anesthesia/sedation and periprocedural considerations
Diagnostic electrophysiology study
Cardiac ablative technologies
Techniques for mapping and ablation of arrhythmias
Evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias
Complications of electrophysiology study and ablation
19. Pacemakers and anti-tachycardia devices
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators
Device follow-up and remote monitoring
20. Inherited arrhythmia syndromes and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies
Inherited arrhythmia syndromes
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies
Section VII. Specific Congenital Heart Defects
21. Atrial septal defects
22. Ventricular septal defects
Morphology/classification
Associated anatomic disease
Clinical signs and symptoms
Intervention for VSD closure
23. Anomalies of the ductus arteriosus
24. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch
Valvar pulmonary stenosis
Dysplastic pulmonary valve
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis
27. Double-outlet right ventricle
28. Aortic outflow abnormalities
Supravalvar aortic stenosis
29. D-transposition of the great arteries
Cardiac computed tomography
Course following atrial switch repair
Course following arterial switch procedure
30. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries
31. Atrioventricular canal defects
Anatomy and classification
Pathophysiology and clinical course
Complete atrioventricular canal defect
Transitional atrioventricular canal defect
Partial atrioventricular canal defect
Short- and long-term outcomes
Care of adults with repaired atrioventricular canal defect
Definitions and nomenclature
Cardiac manifestations and diagnostic tools
Multidisciplinary approach to heterotaxy care
33. Mitral valve and left atrial abnormalities
34. Ebstein anomaly and other tricuspid valve problems
Other tricuspid valve problems
35. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Diagnosis and clinical manifestations
Other anatomic variants of HLHS
Aortic atresia with normal left ventricle
37. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
38. Truncus arteriosus and hemitruncus
Hemitruncus (origin of branch pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta)
39. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
40. Pulmonary vein stenosis
Risk factors and prognosis
Surveillance and involvement of subspecialists
41. Aortopulmonary window
42. Coronary artery anomalies
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from a pulmonary artery
Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery
Intraseptal or intraconal left coronary artery
Coronary arterial fistulae
43. Vascular rings, slings, and related anomalies
Innominate artery compression syndrome
Isolated branch pulmonary artery
Section VIII. Other Forms of Heart Disease
44. Preventive cardiology
Nicotine, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease
45. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Etiology and pathogenesis
47. Lyme disease, COVID-19, and myocarditis
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Post-pericardiotomy syndrome
Noninflammatory pericardial effusions
Constrictive pericardial disease
Congenital partial or complete absence of the pericardium
Pericardial cysts and masses
50. Infective endocarditis
Complications and surgical consideration
Subtypes of cardiac masses
Section IX. Special Problems/Diagnosis and Therapy
52. Evaluating murmurs, chest pain, and syncope
53. Congestive heart failure
Mechanical circulatory support
54. Advanced cardiac therapies: Ventricular assist device and heart transplantation
Mechanical circulatory support
55. Central nervous system sequelae of congenital heart disease
CNS imaging and monitoring
Risk factors for CNS injury and abnormality
Neuropsychological impairments
Relationship of imaging to outcomes
Recommended screening, follow-up, and potential interventions
56. Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary vascular development
Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension
Genetic causes of pulmonary hypertension
Definition and clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension
Clinical presentation and evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension
Diagnostic evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension
Natural history and therapy for pulmonary hypertension
57. Adult congenital heart disease
Ventricular vascular coupling
Pulmonary vascular disease
Heart failure and extracardiac organ dysfunction
Coping/lifelong palliative care
Conclusions/gaps and future directions
58. Pregnancy and reproductive health in patients with congenital heart disease
Counseling women with congenital heart disease
Pregnancy-related cardiovascular hemodynamic changes
Maternal risk stratification variables
Medications during pregnancy and postpartum
Cardiovascular care during pregnancy
Cardiovascular care during delivery and postpartum
Specific congenital heart conditions
Right-sided heart lesions
59. The fontan circulation
History of the fontan and its modifications
Physiology of the fontan circulation
Risk factors and outcome prediction
Longitudinal fontan surveillance
A collaborative approach to discovery
Section X. Cardiac Surgery
60. Fundamentals of cardiopulmonary bypass for congenital heart surgery
Basic components of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit
Essential elements of the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass
Physiologic management during cardiopulmonary bypass
61. Ventricular recruitment in patients with borderline ventricles
Definition of borderline left or right heart
The borderline left heart
Staged left ventricular recruitment
Advantages of SLVR over primary biventricular repair
SLVR diagnosis-specific strategies and considerations
Disadvantages of staged ventricular recruitment
Who should be considered candidates for SLVR?
When to convert to biventricular circulation?
The borderline right heart
62. Emerging techniques in cardiac surgery
Neonatal and infant surgery
Arterial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries
Surgery for interrupted aortic arch
Complete atrioventricular septal defect
Management of the neonate and infant with single ventricle physiology
Congenital heart valve disease
Clinical 3D modeling and surgical simulation
Section XI. Allied Disciplines
63. Sedation and anesthesia in cardiac procedures
Defining levels of sedation and general anesthesia
Non-inhaled sedative and anesthetic agents
Inhaled anesthetic agents
Preoperative assessment and preparation
Induction of sedation/anesthesia
Anesthesia for cardiac surgery
Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization
Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography
64. Cardiac intensive care unit
Management of the cyanotic patient
Cardiovascular interactions with other organs
Managing acute pulmonary hypertension in the intensive care unit
Mechanical support of the circulation
65. Contemporary pediatric cardiovascular nursing
Nursing leadership and organizational structure
Patient safety and quality
Care coordination and APN-managed clinical programs
Professional development, advancement, and staff support
66. Translational research in pediatric cardiology
Understanding disease mechanisms
Improving patient management
Section XII. Future Direction
67. Innovation and areas for future research
Hepatic factor and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
Improved localization of the conduction tissues during cardiac surgery
Ideal cardiovascular replacement devices for congenital heart disease
Training in pediatric cardiology for the 21st century
Glossary of epononymous cardiac procedures
