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Plotkin’s Vaccines, 8th Edition

ISBN: 9780323790581
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Περιγραφή

From the latest vaccination evidence, recommendations, and protocols . . . to new vaccine development and the use of vaccines in reducing disease, Plotkin’s Vaccines, 8th Edition, covers every aspect of vaccination. Now completely revised and updated from cover to cover, this award-winning text continues to provide reliable information from global authorities, offering a complete understanding of each disease, as well as the latest knowledge of both existing vaccines and those currently in research and development. Described by Bill Gates as “an indispensable guide to the enhancement of the well-being of our world,” Plotkin’s Vaccines is a must-have reference for current, authoritative information in this fast-moving field.
Key Features
  • Contains all-new chapters on COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy, and non-specific effects of vaccines, as well as significantly revised content on new vaccine technologies such as mRNA vaccines, emerging vaccines, and technologies to improve immunization.
  • Presents exciting new data on evolution of adjuvants across the centuries, dengue vaccines, human papillomavirus vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, tuberculosis vaccines, and zoster vaccines.
  • Provides up-to-date, authoritative information on vaccine production, available preparations, efficacy and safety, and recommendations for vaccine use, with rationales and data on the impact of vaccination programs on morbidity and mortality.
  • Provides complete coverage of each disease, including clinical characteristics, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as epidemiology and public health and regulatory issues.
  • Keeps you up to date with information on each vaccine, including its stability, immunogenicity, efficacy, duration of immunity, adverse events, indications, contraindications, precautions, administration with other vaccines, and disease-control strategies.
  • Covers vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine science, and licensed vaccine products, as well as product technologies and global regulatory and public health issues.
  • Analyzes the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of different vaccine options.
  • Helps you clearly visualize concepts and objective data through an abundance of tables and figures.
  • Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Author Information
By Walter A. Orenstein, MD, DSc (HON), Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, and Global Health, Emory University; Associate Director, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta GA; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA; Former Director, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA ; Paul A. Offit, MD, Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Director, Vaccine Education Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Professor of Pediatrics, Maurice R. Hilleman Professor of Vaccinology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Kathryn M. Edwards, MD, Sarah H. Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Chair in Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee and Stanley A. Plotkin, MD, Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Emeritus Professor, Wistar Institute, Former Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Former Medical and Scientific Director, Pasteur Merieux Connaught (now Sanofi Pasteur), Marnes-la-Coquette, France

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover Image
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contributors
  • Foreword
  • Preface to the First Edition
  • Preface to the Eighth Edition
  • Acknowledgments
  • Table of Contents
  • Section I General Aspects of Vaccination
  • Chapter 1 A Short History of Vaccination
  • EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
  • FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
  • SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
  • RECOMBINANT PROTEIN VACCINES
  • 21ST CENTURY
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 2 Vaccine Immunology
  • WHAT ARE THE MAIN EFFECTORS OF VACCINE RESPONSES?
  • HOW DO VACCINES MEDIATE PROTECTION?
  • FROM INNATE TO ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ACTIVATION: THE FIRST STEPS AFTER IMMUNIZATION
  • VACCINE ANTIBODY RESPONSES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 3 Non-specific Effects of Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL STUDIES
  • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • IMMUNOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
  • FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 4 Correlates of Protection
  • PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION
  • STATISTICAL ISSUES IN DEVELOPING IMMUNE CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • COMPLEXITY OF CORRELATES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 5 The Vaccine Industry
  • VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • ROLE OF PARTNERS
  • RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC
  • FUNDING SOURCES FOR VACCINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  • PRICING OF VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 6 Vaccine Manufacturing
  • MANUFACTURING BASICS
  • EXAMPLES OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
  • PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
  • INDUSTRY’S RESPONSE TO NEW CHALLENGES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 7 Evolution of Adjuvants Across the Centuries
  • CHANCE AND NECESSITY: THE DISCOVERY OF ADJUVANTS
  • A TURNING POINT: BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF IMMUNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUVANTS
  • DEFINING ADJUVANTS: CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION
  • THE CASE OF COVID 19
  • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 8 Vaccine Additives and Manufacturing Residuals in Vaccines Licensed in the United States
  • VACCINE ADDITIVES
  • MANUFACTURING RESIDUALS
  • SENSITIZING SUBSTANCES
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 9 Passive Immunization
  • MATERNAL ANTIBODIES: THE ORIGINAL PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO SMALLPOX AND HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUSES
  • PASSIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST RESPIRATORY AND ENTERIC PATHOGENS
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN PROGRESS?
  • FUTURE OF PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Section II Licenced Vaccines and Vaccines in Development
  • Chapter 10 General Immunization Practices
  • VACCINE STORAGE AND HANDLING
  • VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
  • ALLEVIATION OF PAIN AND DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH VACCINATION
  • AGES FOR ADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNOBIOLOGICS
  • SPACING OF VACCINE DOSES
  • SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF DIFFERENT VACCINES
  • INTERFERENCE BY IMMUNOGLOBULINS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPACING ADMINISTRATION OF VACCINES AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS
  • INTERCHANGEABILITY OF VACCINES FROM DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS
  • HYPERSENSITIVITY TO VACCINE COMPONENTS
  • VACCINE COMPONENTS CAUSING HYPERSENSITIVITY
  • MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VACCINE ADVERSE REACTIONS
  • SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • BREASTFEEDING AND IMMUNIZATION
  • VACCINATION DURING PREGNANCY
  • VACCINATION OF HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS
  • VACCINES RECEIVED OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
  • VACCINATION OF PERSONS WITH A PERSONAL OR FAMILY HISTORY OF SEIZURES
  • VACCINATION DURING ACUTE ILLNESS
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS TO AND PRECAUTIONS REGARDING VACCINATION
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 11 Human Adenovirus Vaccines
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • DOSAGE AND ROUTE: INTRAMUSCULAR, SUBCUTANEOUS, AND ORAL
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINE
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE—WHO AND WHY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 12 Anthrax Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 13 Biodefense Vaccines, Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
  • BIODEFENSE AND SPECIAL PATHOGEN VACCINES
  • VACCINES AGAINST VIRAL DISEASES
  • LIMITED-USE VACCINES AGAINST BACTERIAL DISEASES
  • PART 2: COALITION FOR EPIDEMIC PREPAREDNESS INNOVATIONS (CEPI)
  • FUTURE ASPECTS ON VACCINE DEVELOPMENTS FOR BIODEFENCE AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 14 Cancer Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CANCER VACCINES
  • THERAPEUTIC CANCER VACCINE TYPES
  • CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 15 Cholera Vaccines
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT
  • CLINICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMPLICATIONS
  • BACTERIOLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS AS IT RELATES TO PREVENTION
  • MODES OF TRANSMISSION
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • CASE MANAGEMENT
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • IMMUNITY AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 16 Combination Vaccines
  • TERMINOLOGY
  • PRINCIPLES OF COMBINED VACCINES
  • COMBINATIONS BASED ON DTWP (OR ITS COMPONENTS)
  • COMBINATIONS BASED ON ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINE
  • COMBINATIONS BASED ON HEPATITIS VACCINE, WITHOUT DTP OR DTAP
  • COMBINATIONS BASED ON MMR VACCINE
  • COMBINATIONS INCORPORATING MENINGOCOCCAL OR PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • FUTURE COMBINATION VACCINES
  • PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF COMBINATION VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 17 Coronavirus Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION: CORONAVIRUSES IN GENERAL
  • COVID-19
  • VACCINE STRATEGIES FOR COVS OF DOMESTIC AND COMPANION ANIMALS
  • IMMUNE RESPONSES ELICITED BY COV
  • DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES FOR SARS-COV AND MERS-COV
  • SARS-COV-2 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • WANING OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND BOOSTER
  • OUTSTANDING ISSUES IN COVID-19 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • FUTURE GOALS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 18 Cytomegalovirus Vaccines
  • CORRELATES OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IMMUNITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINE DESIGN
  • VACCINES IN CLINICAL TRIALS
  • SUBUNIT VACCINES
  • VECTORED VACCINES
  • VACCINES IN PRE-CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT
  • SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 19 Dengue Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • DISEASE, VIRUS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUS, IF ANY
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION, INCLUDING DESCRIPTION OF REINFECTION IF ANY
  • DENGUE HUMAN INFECTION MODEL (DHIM)
  • SAFETY (ADVERSE EVENTS)
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE—WHO AND WHY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES (BRIEF)
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 20 Vaccines Against Diarrhea Caused by Noncholera Bacteria
  • MECHANISMS OF DISEASE AND IMMUNITY
  • MUCOSAL VERSUS PARENTERAL VACCINATION
  • SPECIFIC VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, INDICATIONS, AND CHALLENGES FOR VACCINATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 21 Diphtheria Toxoid
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINE
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION
  • SAFETY
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE—WHO AND WHY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 22 Ebola Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • VACCINES IN CLINICAL USE OR ADVANCED CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT
  • VACCINE EFFICACY
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 23 Nonpolio Enteroviruses
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
  • VIROLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • SIGNIFICANCE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • HISTORY OF ENTEROVIRUS D68 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 24 Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccines
  • CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING PROPHYLACTIC EBV VACCINES
  • PROPHYLACTIC EBV VACCINES TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS
  • PROPHYLACTIC EBV VACCINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT
  • THERAPEUTIC EBV VACCINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT
  • SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF EBV VACCINES
  • BARRIERS TO EBV VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 25 Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • HISTORY
  • BACKGROUND (BOX 25.1)
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY (BOX 25.2)
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION (BOX 25.3)
  • POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
  • CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • POSTVACCINE ERA: PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • CONCLUSION (BOX 25.4)
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 26 Hepatitis A Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND OUTBREAKS
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • VACCINE COVERAGE
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • THE GOAL OF THE ELIMINATION OF HEPATITIS A
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 27 Hepatitis B Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • BURDEN AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS
  • RESULTS OF VACCINATION
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEPATITIS B VACCINATION
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION
  • PREVACCINATION AND POSTVACCINATION SEROLOGIC TESTING
  • REVACCINATION OF THOSE WHO DO NOT SEROCONVERT
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 28 Hepatitis C Vaccines
  • VIROLOGY
  • HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS
  • PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST HEPATITIS C VIRUS
  • STRATEGIES FOR A HEPATITIS C VIRUS VACCINE
  • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 29 Hepatitis E Vaccines
  • CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
  • VIROLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • TREATMENT
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • PRECLINICAL TRIALS: SAFETY, IMMUNOGENICITY, AND EFFICACY
  • CLINICAL TRIALS: SAFETY, IMMUNOGENICITY, AND EFFICACY
  • PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 30 Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 31 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines
  • DISEASE BURDEN AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • VIROLOGY
  • VIRUS VARIABILITY
  • VIRUS–CELL INTERACTIONS
  • CLINICAL DISEASE
  • HIV PREVENTION
  • IMMUNE CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 32 Human Papillomavirus Vaccines
  • CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
  • VIROLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • PROPHYLACTIC VACCINES
  • CURRENT VACCINES
  • TRIALS IN ADOLESCENTS
  • IMMUNOGENICITY BRIDGING TRIALS
  • COADMINISTRATION WITH OTHER VACCINES
  • MECHANISM OF PROTECTION
  • DURATION OF PROTECTION
  • INDICATIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  • CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG VACCINATED FEMALES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPACT OF VACCINATION
  • SECOND-GENERATION PROPHYLACTIC VACCINES
  • THERAPEUTIC VACCINES
  • WHY THERAPEUTIC HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES HAVE HAD MODEST SUCCESS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 33 Inactivated and Recombinant Influenza Vaccines
  • HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION AND CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • CHALLENGES AND OTHER DIRECTIONS FOR INFLUENZA VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 34 Influenza Vaccine—Live
  • WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT
  • INFLUENZA
  • VIROLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS AS IT RELATES TO PREVENTION
  • LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
  • HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLD-ADAPTED (CA) INTRANASAL LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
  • CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMULATIONS OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE
  • IMMUNE CORRELATES OF PROTECTION FOR LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE
  • EFFICACY OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE COMPARED WITH TRIVALENT INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINE
  • LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES AGAINST PANDEMIC INFLUENZA
  • INDICATIONS FOR USE OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE TO PREVENT INFLUENZA
  • SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
  • TIMING OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 35 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF JE VACCINES
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUS AND RISK OF SPREAD TO CONTACTS
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION
  • SAFETY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • JE VACCINES IN DOMESTIC OR LIMITED REGIONAL USE
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 36 Lyme Disease Vaccines—The Journey Continues
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
  • BACTERIOLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • ECOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
  • CANINE VACCINES TO PREVENT LYME DISEASE
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 37 Malaria Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BURDEN OF DISEASE
  • PARASITE LIFE CYCLE
  • CLINICAL COURSE OF DISEASE
  • RATIONALE AND STRATEGIES FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • CONTROLLED HUMAN MALARIA INFECTION MODEL
  • VACCINES TARGETING THE PREERYTHROCYTIC STAGE
  • VACCINES TARGETING THE ASEXUAL BLOOD STAGES
  • VACCINES TARGETING THE SEXUAL STAGES
  • VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AGAINST P. VIVAX
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • TRADEMARK STATEMENT
  • CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Online Supplements
  • ONLINE SUPPLEMENT 1
  • ONLINE SUPPLEMENT 2
  • ONLINE SUPPLEMENT 3
  • ONLINE SUPPLEMENT 4
  • ONLINE SUPPLEMENT 5
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 38 Measles Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF MEASLES
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF MEASLES VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE MEASLES VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 39 Meningococcal Capsular Group A, C, W, and Y Conjugate Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS
  • SAFETY OF MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USE OF MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE MENINGOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 40 Meningococcal Vaccines Directed at Capsular Group B
  • CAPSULAR B MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE BURDEN
  • HISTORY OF GROUP B VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • MENB VACCINE COMPOSITION
  • DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUP B VACCINE ANTIGENS
  • IMMUNOGENICITY
  • SURROGATES FOR PREDICTING VACCINE COVERAGE OF DISEASE-CAUSING STRAINS
  • EFFECT OF VACCINATION ON COLONIZATION
  • VACCINE SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY
  • COST EFFECTIVENESS
  • VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
  • NEXT GENERATION MENINGOCOCCAL B VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 41 Mumps Vaccines
  • HISTORY OF THE DISEASE
  • WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT
  • BACKGROUND
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • TREATMENT
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • AVAILABILITY IN COMBINATIONS
  • SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION WITH OTHER VACCINES
  • STABILITY OF VACCINE
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINES
  • CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PERSONS
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • HERD IMMUNITY (COMMUNITY PROTECTION)
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUS
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION
  • RISK FACTORS FOR VACCINE FAILURE AND RECENT OUTBREAKS
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
  • SAFETY
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINATION
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE ERADICATION
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 42 Noninfectious Disease Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • OVERCOMING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM’S SAFETY MECHANISMS—UNRESPONSIVENESS AND TOLERANCE
  • INDUCTION OF B-CELL RESPONSES
  • LONGEVITY OF THE RESPONSE AND GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
  • TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC B-CELL VACCINATION
  • VACCINE APPROACHES FOR DEMENTIA
  • PARKINSON DISEASE
  • VACCINES AGAINST ADDICTION
  • TYPE 1 DIABETES AND TOLEROGENIC VACCINES
  • TYPE 2 DIABETES AND B-CELL VACCINES
  • HYPERTENSION
  • ANTICYTOKINE VACCINES
  • COMPANION ANIMALS, A BRIDGE BETWEEN MICE AND HUMANS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 43 Norovirus
  • HUMAN NOROVIRUSES
  • NOROVIRUS TRANSMISSION AND DISEASE
  • HISTO-BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND OTHER ESSENTIAL COFACTORS
  • CHALLENGES TO NOROVIRUS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • NOROVIRUS IMMUNITY
  • VACCINES IN DEVELOPMENT
  • VIRUS-VECTOR DELIVERED AND RECOMBINANT VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLE VACCINES
  • COMBINATION VACCINES
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 44 Parasitic Disease Vaccines
  • ANTHELMINTIC VACCINES
  • ANTIPROTOZOAN VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 45 Pertussis Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • RESULTS OF VACCINATION: WHOLE-CELL PERTUSSIS VACCINES
  • RESULTS OF VACCINATION: ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINES
  • SAFETY OF TDAP DURING PREGNANCY
  • INDICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND COVERAGE RATES
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 46 Plague Vaccines
  • HISTORY OF PLAGUE PANDEMICS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLAGUE IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES
  • PLAGUE FORMS
  • POTENTIAL USE AS AN AGENT OF BIOTERRORISM
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • LIVE-ATTENUATED WHOLE-CELL Y. PESTIS STRAINS AS VACCINES
  • LIVE-VECTORED VACCINES
  • VIRAL VECTORS
  • ACELLULAR VACCINES
  • IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION
  • CORRELATES OF PROTECTION LEADING TO IDENTIFICATION OF SURROGATE MARKERS OF EFFICACY FOR CLINICAL USE
  • FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 47 Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Pneumococcal Common Protein Vaccines
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • HISTORY OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND VACCINE FORMULATIONS
  • IMMUNOGENICITY
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • SAFETY
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 48 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF 23-VALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
  • EFFICACY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
  • VACCINE SAFETY
  • INDICATIONS FOR 23-VALENT PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 49 Poliovirus Vaccine—Inactivated
  • HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • DOSE RESPONSES, DOSING, AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
  • RESULTS OF VACCINATION
  • ADVERSE EVENTS
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS TO INACTIVATED POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
  • SIMULTANEOUS USE WITH OTHER VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 50 Poliovirus Vaccine–Live
  • INTRODUCTION
  • WHY IS THE DISEASE IMPORTANT?
  • BACKGROUND
  • PATHOGENESIS AS IT RELATES TO PREVENTION
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNE RESPONSE (IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE)
  • VACCINE EFFICACY-EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUS AND SPREAD TO CONTACTS
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION
  • SAFETY (ADVERSE EVENTS)
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • CONCLUSION
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 51 Lyssaviruses and Rabies Vaccines
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  • APPLIED VIROLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS AS IT RELATES TO PREVENTION
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • NONBITE TRANSMISSION
  • HUMAN RABIES
  • VACCINATION
  • CELL CULTURE RABIES VACCINES
  • IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULES
  • SERUM AND VACCINE PROPHYLAXIS
  • RESULTS OF HISTORICAL IMMUNIZATION
  • PERSISTENCE OF IMMUNITY AND BOOSTER DOSES
  • VACCINATION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PERSONS
  • PROTECTION AGAINST “RABIES-RELATED” LYSSAVIRUSES
  • CORRELATES OF IMMUNOPROTECTION
  • PROPHYLAXIS FAILURES
  • ADVERSE REACTIONS
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINATION
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS TO VACCINATION
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL
  • THE “NEXT-GENERATION” RABIES VACCINES?
  • MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 52 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • MECHANISMS OF IMMUNITY AND CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST RSV
  • VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 53 Rotavirus Vaccines
  • CLINICAL DISEASE
  • VIRUS
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • IMMUNITY AND CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • DETECTION OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUSES IN ROTAVIRUS VACCINES
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ROTAVIRUS VACCINE USE IN THE EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 54 Rubella Vaccines
  • RUBELLA
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • THE FUTURE
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 55 Smallpox and Vaccinia
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • SIGNIFICANCE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINIA IMMUNOGLOBULIN)
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT VACCINES
  • PROCESS OF VACCINE MANUFACTURE
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUS, IF ANY
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION
  • SAFETY (ADVERSE EVENTS)
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE—WHO AND WHY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • DESTRUCTION OF THE VIRUS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 56 Staphylococcus aureus Vaccines
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND CONTEMPORARY EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • THE NEED FOR A STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VACCINE
  • CHARACTERISTICS OF S. AUREUS VACCINE ATTEMPTS TO DATE
  • BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VACCINE
  • PROSPECTS AND PUTATIVE TARGETS FOR A STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VACCINE
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 57 Streptococcus Group A Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • VACCINE-INDUCED INDIRECT EFFECTS
  • FUTURE STEPS AND CHALLENGES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 58 Streptococcus Group B Vaccines
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • HISTORY OF GBS CONJUGATE VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • CONJUGATE VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 59 Tetanus Toxoid
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION, INCLUDING REINFECTION
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AND VACCINATION
  • SAFETY (ADVERSE EVENTS)
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE – WHO AND WHY
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 60 Tickborne Encephalitis Vaccines
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 61 Tuberculosis Vaccines
  • TUBERCULOSIS—A BRIEF OVERVIEW
  • BACTERIOLOGY
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • TREATMENT
  • NEW TUBERCULOSIS VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 62 Typhoid Fever Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF TYPHOID VACCINES
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION OF VACCINE STRAIN
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY AND PROTECTION
  • POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION
  • SAFETY (ADVERSE EVENTS)
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINE (WHO AND WHY)
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 63 Varicella Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION: THE OKA VACCINE STRAIN
  • IMMUNOGENICITY OF VARICELLA VACCINE
  • EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • EXCRETION/TRANSMISSION OF VACCINE VIRUS
  • SAFETY, VACCINE ADVERSE EVENTS
  • INDICATIONS FOR VACCINATION
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE VACCINES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 64 Yellow Fever Vaccine
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE
  • BACKGROUND OF YFV AND DISEASE
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION AND PASSIVE-ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • RESULTS OF VACCINATION
  • EVIDENCE THAT 17D VACCINE PROTECTS AGAINST DISEASE
  • DURATION OF IMMUNITY
  • REVACCINATION
  • CORRELATES OF PROTECTION
  • PRIMARY VACCINE FAILURE
  • ADVERSE EVENTS
  • INDICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS, AND PRECAUTIONS FOR VACCINATION
  • PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
  • FUTURE YF VACCINES AND YF-VECTORED VACCINES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 65 Zika Virus Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • HISTORY OF DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • VIROLOGY
  • CLINICAL DISEASE
  • CELLULAR IMMUNITY
  • HUMORAL IMMUNITY
  • VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 66 Zoster Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PATHOGENESIS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • TREATMENT
  • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • LIVE-ATTENUATED VZV VACCINE TO PREVENT HERPES ZOSTER
  • INDICATIONS
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS
  • CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION
  • PERSISTENCE OF THE EFFICACY OF THE RECOMBINANT HZ VACCINE
  • INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR THE RECOMBINANT HZ VACCINE
  • ADMINISTRATION OF THE RECOMBINANT HZ VACCINE TO PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE COMPROMISE
  • ISSUES RELEVANT TO BOTH HZ VACCINES
  • REFERENCES
  • Section III New Technologies
  • Chapter 67 Technologies for Making New Vaccines
  • INTRODUCTION
  • COVID-19 VACCINES
  • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
  • ANTIBODY PREPARATIONS
  • MONOCLONALS TARGETING SARS-COV-2 AND OTHER MERGING INFECTIONS
  • CONCLUSIONs
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 68 Genetic-Based Vaccine Vectors
  • INTRODUCTION
  • VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEMS
  • PRIME-BOOST EMERGENCE
  • NONVIRAL VECTORS: NUCLEIC ACID VACCINES
  • SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 69 Technologies to Improve Immunization
  • NEW TECHNOLOGIES NEEDED TO REDUCE IMMUNIZATION LOGISTICS HURDLES
  • POINT-TO-POINT ANTIGEN PACKAGE DELIVERY
  • NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE STABILIZATION, PACKAGING, STORAGE, SHIPPING, AND ON-SITE PREPARATION: POINTS OF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION POINTS
  • NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE ADMINISTRATION: VACCINE MACRODELIVERY SYSTEMS AT THE POINTS OF CARE
  • VACCINE MICRODELIVERY SYSTEMS: ANTIGEN DELIVERY TO DESTINATION-POINT ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
  • CONCLUSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Section IV Vaccination of Special Groups
  • Chapter 70 Vaccination of Immunocompromised Hosts
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PATIENTS WITH CANCER
  • ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION PATIENTS
  • SOLID-ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
  • PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
  • PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
  • HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS OF IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
  • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 71 Vaccines for International Travel
  • INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
  • GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT IMMUNIZATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
  • VACCINES FOR TRAVEL
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAVEL IMMUNIZATIONS
  • THE FUTURE
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 72 Vaccines for Healthcare Personnel
  • VACCINES RECOMMENDED FOR HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL
  • PROVIDING VACCINES FOR HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL
  • IMPROVING VACCINE COVERAGE OF HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USE OF SELECTED VACCINES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 73 Vaccination of Pregnant Women
  • WHY MATERNAL VACCINATION?
  • IMMUNOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
  • RESPONSE TO VACCINES IN PREGNANCY
  • PLACENTAL TRANSFER
  • CLINICAL ISSUES REGARDING VACCINATIONS DURING PREGNANCY
  • MATERNAL VACCINES IN CLINICAL USE
  • PRECONCEPTION AND POSTPARTUM VACCINES
  • MATERNAL VACCINES ON THE HORIZON
  • RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Section V Public Health and Regulatory Issues
  • Chapter 74 Immunization in the United States
  • IMMUNIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS
  • U.S. IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
  • ROLES OF THE U.S. IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
  • EVIDENCE-BASED STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE COVERAGE
  • IMPACT OF IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS
  • CONCLUSION
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 75 Immunization in Europe
  • POLICY-MAKING PROCESSES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
  • ORGANIZATIONS WORKING IN IMMUNIZATION IN THE EUROPEAN REGION
  • EUROPEAN-FUNDED HEALTH RESEARCH IS COORDINATED BY THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (DG RTD)
  • PROCUREMENT
  • SURVEILLANCE OF VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN THE EUROPEAN REGION
  • VACCINES USED AND IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE IN THE EUROPEAN REGION
  • CHALLENGES TO IMMUNIZATION IN THE EUROPEAN REGION
  • AVAILABILITY OF VACCINES
  • VACCINE SAFETY ISSUES
  • ADOLESCENT AND ADULT IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS
  • EUROPEAN REGION STRATEGY FOR STRENGTHENING NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SYSTEMS
  • TAILORING IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 76 Immunization and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region
  • EVOLUTION OF IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 77 Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  • IMMUNIZATION AGENDA 2030
  • PROGRESS WITH ACHIEVING GLOBAL GOALS
  • OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES
  • Looking to the Future
  • CONCLUSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 78 Community Protection
  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  • THEORETICAL ARGUMENTS
  • MASS ACTION APPROACH
  • CASE REPRODUCTION NUMBERS
  • ESTIMATION OF R0
  • IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION HETEROGENEITY
  • HETEROGENEITY IN IMMUNE STATUS
  • THE REAL WORLD
  • “COVID-19” (SARS-2 Coronavirus)
  • DIPHTHERIA
  • HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
  • INFLUENZA
  • MEASLES
  • MUMPS
  • PERTUSSIS
  • POLIOMYELITIS
  • ROTAVIRUS
  • RUBELLA
  • SMALLPOX
  • TETANUS
  • TUBERCULOSIS (AND LEPROSY)
  • VARICELLA AND ZOSTER (CHICKENPOX AND SHINGLES)
  • “NON-SPECIFIC EFFECTS”
  • DISCUSSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 79 Economic Analyses of Vaccine Policies
  • IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN QUANTITATIVE POLICY ANALYSIS
  • EXAMPLES OF USES OF QUANTITATIVE POLICY ANALYSIS
  • OTHER ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 80 Regulation and Testing of Vaccines in the US
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
  • FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION GUIDANCE
  • COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS
  • MANAGED REVIEW PROCESS
  • MEETINGS WITH SPONSORS
  • STAGES OF THE REGULATORY REVIEW OF VACCINE PRODUCTS
  • ADVERSE EVENT MONITORING (POSTLICENSURE FOLLOW-UP)
  • INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS FOR EVALUATING VACCINE SAFETY POSTMARKETING
  • SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • CONCLUSION
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 81 Regulation of Vaccines in Europe
  • MARKETING AUTHORIZATION
  • PRIME, SCIENTIFIC ADVICE AND AUTHORIZATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS
  • REQUIREMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
  • MEDICINAL PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR MARKETS OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN UNION
  • RISK MANAGEMENT
  • POST-AUTHORIZATION CHANGES IN THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF VACCINES
  • POST-AUTHORIZATION EVALUATION OF BENEFITS AND RISKS
  • COMMUNICATION OF BENEFITS AND RISKS
  • THE REGULATORY RESPONSE TO A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY
  • CONCLUSION
  • Disclaimer:
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 82 Regulation of Vaccines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  • COVID-19
  • REGULATION OF VACCINES IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
  • VACCINES OF ASSURED QUALITY AND FUNCTIONALITY OF NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES: GLOBAL STATUS AND TRENDS
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PREQUALIFICATION PROGRAM FOR VACCINES AND EMERGENCY USE LISTING
  • INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN MEDICINES REGULATORY SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOR REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF VACCINES
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 83 Vaccine Safety
  • METHODS OF MONITORING IMMUNIZATION SAFETY
  • PASSIVE REPORTING SYSTEMS, INCLUDING THE VACCINE ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING SYSTEM
  • MONITORING SAFETY IN A MASS IMMUNIZATION CAMPAIGN: COVID-19 VACCINES
  • WEIGHING THE EVIDENCE AND ASSESSING CAUSALITY
  • SELECTED TOPICS IN VACCINE SAFETY
  • SAFETY OF THE IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE AND SIMULTANEOUS VACCINATIONS
  • SAFETY OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE
  • ADMINISTRATION ERRORS AND ADVERSE EVENTS RELATED TO VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
  • FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE PARENTAL VACCINE ACCEPTANCE
  • TIMING OF INFORMATION
  • EVALUATING AND ADDRESSING VACCINE SAFETY CONCERNS: ROLE OF HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
  • IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATING WITH PARENTS CONCERNED ABOUT VACCINES
  • FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 84 Vaccine Hesitancy and Behavioral Factors Associated With Vaccine Uptake
  • HISTORY OF VACCINE HESITANCY
  • IMPACT OF HESITANCY
  • THE VACCINE HESITANCY CONTINUUM AND VACCINE COMMUNICATION
  • MEASURES OF VACCINE HESITANCY
  • INTERVENTIONS
  • MISINFORMATION MANAGEMENT
  • RISK COMMUNICATION
  • FUTURE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH TO INCREASE VACCINE ACCEPTANCE
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 85 Legal Issues
  • VACCINE LIABILITY BEFORE 1986
  • NATIONAL CHILDHOOD VACCINE INJURY ACT
  • NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM
  • VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM CASES SINCE 1986
  • MODIFYING THE VACCINE INJURY TABLE
  • MEDICAL REVIEW OF CLAIMS
  • ISSUES OF INTEREST
  • RELATED LIABILITY PROTECTION AND COMPENSATION SCHEMES
  • VACCINE LIABILITY SINCE 1986
  • INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION PROGRAMS
  • THE POWER TO COMPEL VACCINATION
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 86 Ethics
  • ETHICAL ISSUES PARTICULAR TO VACCINATION
  • ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE VACCINE LIFE CYCLE: AN OVERVIEW
  • SPECIAL TOPICS IN VACCINE ETHICS
  • THE FUTURE OF VACCINE ETHICS
  • KEY REFERENCES
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 87 Vaccines to Prevent Mpox
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • VACCINES TO PREVENT DISEASE
  • RESEARCH GAPS
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix Websites and Applications for Mobile Devices With Information About Immunization
  • CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC) WEBSITES
  • OTHER U.S. GOVERNMENT IMMUNIZATION-RELATED WEBSITES
  • STATE AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS
  • INTERNATIONAL IMMUNIZATION-RELATED WEBSITES
  • PATH
  • ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESOURCES FROM NON-U.S. ORGANIZATIONS
  • ORGANIZATIONS WITH IMMUNIZATION-RELATED WEBSITES
  • ORGANIZATIONS WITH DISEASE-SPECIFIC WEBSITES
  • Index