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Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9th Edition 2-Volume Set

ISBN: 9780323826464
ISBN: 9780323826464
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Περιγραφή

Master sonographic examination protocols and techniques! The market-leading ultrasound text and reference, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9th Edition provides an in-depth understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography. More than 3,100 ultrasound images and full-color anatomy illustrations help you recognize normal anatomy and abnormal pathology. Organized primarily by body system, coverage includes vascular sonography and echocardiography, and in the obstetrics section features a chronologic, trimester approach to ultrasound during pregnancy. Written by expert medical sonography educator and clinician Sandra L. Hagen-Ansert, this resource serves as ideal preparation for board exams and as a reference for practitioners in many different clinical settings.
New to this edition

 

  • NEW! Updated images depict the latest advances in the field of sonography and help you prepare for ARDMS boards and for clinicals.
  • NEW! Updated content reflects the newest curriculum standards so you gain the knowledge and expertise required to pass the boards.
Key Features

 

  • Comprehensive coverage includes sections on the foundations of ultrasound imaging and patient care, the abdomen, superficial structures of the body, pediatrics, the thoracic cavity and echocardiography, cerebrovascular evaluation, gynecology, and obstetrics.
  • More than 3,100 images and full-color illustrations include high-resolution ultrasound pictures, detailed line drawings with need-to-know anatomic information, color photographs of gross pathology, and color Doppler illustrations.
  • Key Terms open each chapter, focusing your attention on the vocabulary that you are required to know and understand.
  • Key Pearls highlight the important concepts in each chapter.
  • Pathology tables summarize clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonographic findings, and differential considerations.
  • Sonographic Findings icon makes it easy to locate clinical information on particular pathologic conditions.
  • Imaging information in each chapter includes normal anatomy, normal physiology, laboratory data and values, pathology, sonographic evaluation of an organ, pitfalls in sonography, clinical findings, and differential considerations.
  • Condensed bibliography at the end of each chapter lists essential references for further research and study.
  • Resources on the Evolve website include review questions for students and PowerPoint® slides, an image collection, and a test bank with 1,625 questions for instructors.

Περιεχόμενα

  • Cover image
  • Title page
  • Table of Contents
  • Evolve Student Resources
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Introducing the Ninth Edition
  • Acknowledgments
  • Part I: Foundations of Sonography
  • CHAPTER 1. Foundations of Clinical Sonography
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Role of the Sonographer
  • Historical Overview of Sound Theory and Medical Ultrasound
  • Introduction to Basic Ultrasound Principles
  • Bibliography
  • CHAPTER 2. Essentials of Patient Care for the Sonographer
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Introduction
  • A Sonographer’s Commitments
  • Basic Patient Care
  • Patient Transfer Techniques
  • Patients With Tubes
  • Safety in the Patient Care Environment
  • Patients on Strict Bed Rest
  • Standard Precautions and Infection Prevention
  • Isolation Precautions
  • Personal Protective Equipment/Gear
  • Patient Care Equipment
  • Environment Cleanliness
  • Assisting Patients With Special Needs
  • Understanding a Patient’s Reaction to Their Illness
  • The Patient Care Partnership
  • Professional Attitudes and Behaviors
  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
  • Bedside Ultrasound
  • Emergency Medical Situations
  • Sonographer Exposure to Body Fluids
  • Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • CHAPTER 3. Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues in Sonography
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • History of Ergonomics
  • Injury Data in Sonography
  • Industry Awareness and Changes
  • Work Practice Changes
  • Economics of Ergonomics
  • Workstation Setup
  • References
  • CHAPTER 4. Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Abdominopelvic Cavity
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • From Atom to Organism
  • Body Systems
  • Anatomic Relationships Within the Abdominopelvic Cavities
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 5. Comparative Sectional Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Comparison of Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Radiography
  • Abdominal Quadrants, Planes, and Regions
  • Planes or Body Sections
  • Sectional Anatomy
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 6. Basic Ultrasound Imaging: Techniques, Terminology, and Tips
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Before You Begin to Scan Patients
  • Indications for Abdominal Sonography
  • Ultrasound Terminology
  • Identifying Abnormalities
  • Anatomic Directions
  • Criteria for an Adequate Scan
  • General Abdominal Ultrasound Protocols
  • Abdominal Doppler
  • Bibliography
  • CHAPTER 7. Imaging and Doppler Artifacts
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Propagation
  • Attenuation
  • Spectral Doppler
  • Color Doppler
  • Virtual Beam-Forming
  • Summary
  • Bibliography
  • Part II: Abdomen
  • Chapter 8. Vascular System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Function of the Circulatory System
  • Aorta
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Portal Venous System
  • Abdominal Doppler Techniques
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 9. The Liver
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Liver
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Hepatobiliary System
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver
  • Pathology of the Liver
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • CHAPTER 10. The Gallbladder and the Biliary System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Biliary System
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Gallbladder and Biliary System
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Biliary System
  • Pathology of the Gallbladder and Biliary System
  • Pathology of the Biliary Tree
  • Bibliography
  • CHAPTER 11. The Spleen
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Spleen
  • Congenital Anomalies
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Spleen
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Spleen
  • Pathology of the Spleen
  • Splenomegaly
  • Congestion of the Spleen
  • Storage Disease
  • Diffuse Disease
  • Splenic Abscess and Infection
  • Splenic Infarction
  • Splenic Trauma
  • Splenic Cysts
  • Benign Primary Neoplasms
  • Malignant Primary Neoplasms
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 12. The Pancreas
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Pancreas
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Pancreas
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Pancreas
  • Pathology of the Pancreas
  • References
  • Chapter 13. The Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • References
  • Chapter 14. The Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Wall
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy and Sonographic Evaluation of the Peritoneal Cavity And Abdominal Wall
  • Pathology of the Peritoneal Cavity
  • Pathology of the Mesentery, Omentum, and Peritoneum
  • Pathology of the Abdominal Wall
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 15. Urinary System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of The Urinary System
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data of the Urinary System
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Urinary System
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Pathology of The Urinary System
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Findings
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 16. The Retroperitoneum
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum
  • Physiology and Laboratory Data Of The Retroperitoneum
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Retroperitoneum
  • Pathology of the Retroperitoneum
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 17. Abdominal Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
  • Outline
  • Key terms
  • Types of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
  • Ultrasound Imaging Modes
  • Clinical Applications
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 18. Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Techniques
  • Outline
  • Key terms
  • Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
  • Indications for a Biopsy
  • Contraindications for a Biopsy
  • Laboratory Tests
  • Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Equipment and Techniques
  • Ultrasound Guidance Methods
  • Cytopathology
  • Biopsy Complications
  • Fusion Technology
  • Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Equipment and Process
  • The Sonographer’s Role in Interventional Procedures
  • Finding the Needle Tip
  • What to Do When the Needle Deviates
  • Biopsies and Procedures by Organ
  • Fluid Collections and Abscesses
  • New Applications
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 19. Emergent Ultrasound Procedures
  • Outline
  • Key terms
  • Assessment of Abdominal Trauma
  • Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
  • Right Upper Quadrant Pain
  • Epigastric Pain
  • Extreme Shortness of Breath
  • Chest Pain
  • Flank Pain
  • Right Lower Quadrant Pain
  • Paraumbilical Hernia
  • Acute Pelvic Pain
  • Scrotal Trauma and Torsion
  • Extremity Swelling and Pain
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 20. Sonographic Techniques in the Transplant Patient
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Who needs a transplant?
  • Liver transplant
  • Renal transplant
  • Pancreatic transplant
  • Your role in donating life
  • References
  • Part III: Superficial Structures
  • Chapter 21. Breast
  • Outline
  • Key terms
  • Physiology of the Breast
  • Anatomy of the Breast
  • Breast Evaluation Overview
  • Pathology of the Breast
  • Breast Augmentation and Implant Complications
  • Malignant Pathology of the Breast
  • Other Imaging Modalities
  • Single Photon Emssion Computed Tomography
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 22. The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
  • Outline
  • Key terms
  • Embryology of the Thyroid Gland
  • Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
  • Thyroid Physiology and Laboratory Data
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland
  • Congenital Abnormalities of the Thyroid Gland
  • Pathology of the Thyroid Gland
  • Embryology of the Parathyroid Gland
  • Anatomy of the Parathyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Physiology and Laboratory Data
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Parathyroid Gland
  • Pathology of the Parathyroid Gland
  • Miscellaneous Neck Masses
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 23. Scrotum
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Scrotum
  • Technical Considerations
  • Scrotal Pathology
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 24. Musculoskeletal System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
  • Musculoskeletal Sonography
  • Artifacts
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Musculoskeletal System
  • Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System
  • Bibliography
  • Part IV: Pediatrics
  • Chapter 25. Neonatal and Pediatric Abdomen
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Examination Preparation
  • Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
  • Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic, and Splenic Pathology
  • Gastrointestinal Pathology
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 26. Neonatal and Pediatric Adrenal and Urinary System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Examination Preparation
  • Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
  • Renal, Adrenal, and Bladder Pathology
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 27. Neonatal and Infant Head
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
  • Examination Preparation
  • Neonatal Head Examination
  • Hydrocephalus (Ventriculomegaly)
  • Acquired Brain Lesions
  • Congenital Brain Malformations
  • Brain Infections
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 28. Infant and Pediatric Hip
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Findings
  • Sonographic Examination
  • Developmental Displacement of the Hip
  • Joint Effusions of the Hip
  • Other Hip Conditions (Incidental Findings)
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 29. Neonatal and Infant Spine
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryogenesis
  • Normal Anatomy and Sonographic Appearance
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Neonatal and Infant Spine
  • Pathology of the Neonatal and Infant Spine
  • Other Indications
  • Bibliography
  • Part V: The Thoracic Cavity
  • Chapter 30. Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Thoracic Cavity
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • The Thorax and the Thoracic Cavity
  • The Lungs
  • The Heart and Great Vessels
  • The Cardiac Cycle
  • The Electrical Conduction System
  • The Mechanical Conduction System
  • Electrocardiography
  • Auscultation of the Heart Valves
  • Principles of Blood Flow
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 31. Understanding Hemodynamics
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • The Cardiac Cycle
  • Doppler Basics
  • Quantification of Intracardiac Pressures With Ultrasound
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 32. Introduction to Echocardiographic Techniques, Terminology, and Tips
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
  • Cardiac Color Flow Examination
  • Doppler Applications and Technique
  • The Echocardiographic Examination
  • M-MODE Imaging of the Cardiac Structures
  • References
  • Chapter 33. Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease
  • Mitral Valve Disease
  • Aortic Valve Disease
  • Technical Considerations and Pitfalls in Doppler Measurements
  • Aortic Abnormalities
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 34. Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Pericardial Disease, Cardiomyopathies, and Tumors
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Pericardial Disease
  • Cardiomyopathies
  • Cardiac Masses
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 35. Fetal Echocardiography: Beyond the Four Chambers
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology of the Cardiovascular System
  • Fetal Circulation
  • Risk Factors Indicating Fetal Echocardiography
  • Beyond the Four-Chamber View
  • Fetal Ultrasound Landmarks
  • Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Fetus
  • References
  • Chapter 36. Fetal Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Relationship of Genetics to Congenital Heart Disease
  • Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease
  • Prenatal Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease
  • Cardiac Malposition
  • Cardiac Enlargement
  • Septal Defects
  • Right Ventricular Inflow Disturbance
  • Right Ventricular Outflow Disturbance
  • Left Ventricular Inflow Disturbance
  • Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Disturbance
  • Great Vessel Abnormalities
  • Cardiac Tumors
  • Complex Cardiac Abnormalities
  • Dysrhythmias
  • References
  • Bibliography
  • Part VI: Cerebrovascular
  • Chapter 37. Extracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy for Extracranial Cerebrovascular Imaging
  • Extracranial Arterial Hemodynamics
  • Carotid Disease and Stroke Risk Factors, Warning Signs, and Symptoms
  • Technical Aspects of Carotid Duplex Imaging
  • Interpretation of Carotid Duplex Imaging
  • Common Carotid Artery Disease Treatments
  • Other Carotid Artery Imaging Modalities
  • Other Carotid Duplex Imaging Applications and Emerging Techniques
  • References
  • Chapter 38. Intracranial Cerebrovascular Evaluation
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Intracranial Arterial Anatomy
  • Intracranial Arterial Physiology
  • Technical Aspects of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
  • Interpretation of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
  • Clinical Applications
  • Advantages and Limitations of Transcranial Doppler Imaging
  • References
  • Chapter 39. Peripheral Arterial Evaluation
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy Associated with Peripheral Arterial Testing
  • Arterial Physiology
  • Arterial Pathophysiology
  • Indirect (Physiologic) Arterial Testing
  • Arterial Duplex Imaging
  • Guidelines for Evaluation
  • References
  • Chapter 40. Peripheral Venous Evaluation
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy for Peripheral Venous Duplex Imaging
  • Venous Physiology
  • Venous Pathology and Treatments
  • Technical Aspects of Venous Duplex Imaging
  • Interpretation of Venous Duplex Imaging
  • Combined Diagnostic Approach
  • Venous Reflux Imaging
  • Vein Mapping
  • Other Pathology
  • Controversies in Venous Duplex Imaging
  • Imaging Guidelines
  • References
  • Part VII: Gynecology
  • Chapter 41. Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Pelvic Landmarks
  • Muscles of the Pelvis
  • Bladder and Ureters
  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Fallopian Tubes
  • Ovaries
  • Pelvic Vasculature
  • Physiology
  • Pelvic Recesses and Bowel
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 42. Sonographic and Doppler Evaluation of the Female Pelvis
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Patient Preparation and History
  • Performance Standards for the Ultrasound Examination
  • Sonographic Technique
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Pelvis
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 43. Pathology of the Uterus
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Pathology of the Vagina and Cervix
  • Pathology of the Uterus
  • Pathology of the Endometrium
  • Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 44. Pathology of the Ovaries
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Anatomy of the Ovaries
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Ovaries
  • Benign Adnexal Cysts
  • Endometriosis
  • Ovarian Torsion
  • Sonographic Evaluation of Ovarian Neoplasms
  • Ovarian Carcinoma
  • Epithelial Tumors
  • Germ Cell Tumors
  • Stromal Tumors
  • Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
  • Other Pelvic Masses
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 45. Pathology of the Adnexa
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Endometritis
  • Endometriosis and Endometrioma
  • Interventional Ultrasound
  • Postoperative Uses of Ultrasound
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 46. Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Female Infertility
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Evaluating the Cervix
  • Evaluating the Uterus
  • Congenital Uterine Anomalies
  • Evaluating the Endometrium
  • Evaluating the Fallopian Tubes
  • Evaluating the Ovaries
  • Peritoneal Factors
  • Treatment Options
  • Complications Associated with Assisted Reproductive Technology
  • References
  • Part VIII: Obstetrics
  • Chapter 47. The Role of Sonography in Obstetrics
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Indications for Obstetric Sonography
  • Classification of Fetal Ultrasound Examinations
  • Patient History
  • The Safety of Ultrasound
  • The Safety of Doppler for the Obstetric Patient
  • Guidelines for First-Trimester and Standard Second- and Third-Trimester Obstetric Sonography Examinations
  • Diagnostic and Screening Aspects of Obstetric Sonography Examinations
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 48. Clinical Ethics for Obstetric Sonography
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Morality and Ethics Defined
  • History of Medical Ethics
  • Principles of Medical Ethics
  • Confidentiality of Findings
  • Acknowledgments
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 49. The Early Embryonic Stage of the First Trimester
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Overview of the First Trimester
  • Maternal Serum Analysis in Early Pregnancy
  • Transvaginal Sonographic Technique and Evaluation
  • Fetal Period (Weeks 9–14)
  • Determination of Gestational Age
  • First-Trimester Complications
  • First-Trimester Risk Assessment
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 50. First-Trimester Complications
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Criteria for Viability and Nonviability
  • First-Trimester Bleeding and Sonographic Appearances
  • Abnormal or Absent Cardiac Activity
  • Embryonic Development of Yolk Sac and Amnion
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Diagnosis of Embryonic Abnormalities in the First Trimester
  • First-Trimester Pelvic Masses
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 51. Sonography of the Second and Third Trimesters
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • A Suggested Protocol
  • Equipment and Practices
  • Initial Steps and Examination Overview
  • Fetal Anatomy of the Second and Third Trimesters
  • Extrafetal Obstetric Evaluation
  • Genetic Sonogram
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 52. Obstetric Measurements and Gestational Age
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Gestational Age Assessment: First Trimester
  • Gestational Age Assessment: Second and Third Trimesters
  • References
  • Chapter 53. Fetal Growth Assessment by Sonography
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Intrauterine Growth Restriction
  • Diagnostic Criteria
  • Tests of Fetal Well-Being
  • Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 54. Sonography and High-Risk Pregnancy
  • Outline
  • Key Words
  • Screening Tests
  • Maternal Factors in High-Risk Pregnancy
  • Maternal Diseases of Pregnancy
  • Ultrasound in Labor and Delivery
  • Fetal Factors in High-Risk Pregnancy
  • Multiple Gestation Pregnancy
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 55. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Chromosomal Disorders
  • Genetic Screening Tests
  • Diagnostic Screening Testing
  • First Trimester Screening
  • Medical Genetics
  • Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • References
  • Chapter 56. Placenta
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryogenesis
  • The Amniotic Sac and Amniotic Fluid
  • The Umbilical Cord
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Normal Placenta
  • Doppler Evaluation of the Placenta
  • Evaluation of the Placenta After Delivery
  • Abnormalities of the Placenta
  • Placental Abruption
  • Placental Tumors
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 57. The Umbilical Cord
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Development and Anatomy of the Umbilical Cord
  • Abnormal Umbilical Cord Dimensions
  • Umbilical Cord Masses
  • Umbilical Cord Knots
  • Umbilical Cord Insertion Abnormalities
  • Vasa Previa and Prolapse of the Cord
  • Single Umbilical Artery
  • Varix of the Umbilical Vein
  • Persistent Intrahepatic Right Umbilical Vein
  • Bibliography
  • CHAPTER58. Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Membranes
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Amniotic Fluid
  • Fetal Membranes
  • Hydrops
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 59. Fetal Face and Neck
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology Of The Fetal Face
  • Sonographic Evaluation Of The Fetal Face
  • Abnormalities Of The Face And Neck
  • References
  • Chapter 60. Fetal Neural Axis
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology
  • Anencephaly
  • Acrania
  • Cephalocele
  • Spina Bifida
  • Dandy-Walker Malformation
  • Holoprosencephaly
  • Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
  • Aqueductal Stenosis
  • Vein of Galen Aneurysm
  • Choroid Plexus Cysts
  • Porencephalic Cysts
  • Schizencephaly
  • Hydranencephaly
  • Ventriculomegaly (Hydrocephalus)
  • Microcephaly
  • Acknowlegment
  • References
  • Chapter 61. The Fetal Thorax
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology of the Thoracic Cavity
  • Normal Sonographic Characteristics
  • Abnormalities of the Thoracic Cavity
  • References
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 62. The Fetal Anterior Abdominal Wall
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology of the Abdominal Wall
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Fetal Abdominal Wall
  • Abnormalities of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 63. The Fetal Abdomen
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology of the Digestive System
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Abdominal Cavity
  • Abnormalities of the Hepatobiliary System
  • Abnormalities of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Miscellaneous Cystic Masses of the Abdomen
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 64. Fetal Urogenital System
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology and Development of the Urogenital System
  • Sonographic Evaluation of the Urogenital System
  • Sonographic Findings Suggesting Abnormalities of the Urogenital System
  • Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract
  • Congenital Malformations of the Kidneys
  • Renal Cystic Disease
  • Obstructive Urinary Tract Abnormalities
  • Other Urinary Anomalies
  • Congenital Malformations of the Genital System
  • Other Pelvic Masses
  • Acknowledgment
  • Bibliography
  • Chapter 65. Fetal Skeleton
  • Outline
  • Key Terms
  • Embryology of the Fetal Skeleton
  • Abnormalities of the Skeleton
  • Other Limb Abnormalities
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Glossary For Volume 1
  • Glossary for Volume 2
  • Illustration Credits
  • Index