List of Contributors x
Preface xx
Acknowledgments xxi
Part One: Introduction 1
1 Organizational Principles of the Liver 3
Peter Nagy, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, and Joe W. Grisham
2 Embryonic Development of the Liver 14
Kenneth S. Zaret, Roque Bort, and Stephen A. Duncan
Part Two: The Cells 23
Section A: Cell Biology of the Liver 25
3 Cytoskeletal Motors: Structure and Function in Hepatocytes 27
Mukesh Kumar, Arnab Gupta, and Roop Mallik
4 Hepatocyte Surface Polarity 36
Anne Müsch and Irwin M. Arias
5 Primary Cilia 50
Carolyn M. Ott
6 Endocytosis in Liver Function and Pathology 62
Micah B. Schott, Barbara Schroeder, and Mark A. McNiven
7 The Hepatocellular Secretory Pathway 75
Catherine L. Jackson and Mark A. McNiven
8 Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Quality Control 86
Marc Liesa, Ilan Benador, Nathanael Miller, and Orian S. Shirihai
9 Nuclear Pore Complex 94
Michelle A. Veronin and Joseph S. Glavy
10 Protein Maturation and Processing at the Endoplasmic Reticulum 108
Ramanujan S. Hegde
11 Protein Degradation and the Lysosomal System 122
Susmita Kaushik and Ana Maria Cuervo
12 Peroxisome Assembly, Degradation, and Disease 137
Rong Hua and Peter K. Kim
13 Organelle–Organelle Contacts: Origins and Functions 151
Uri Manor
14 Gap and Tight Junctions in Liver: Structure, Function, and Pathology 160
John W. Murray and David C. Spray
15 Ribosome Biogenesis and its Role in Cell Growth and Proliferation in the Liver 174
Katherine I. Farley‐Barnes and Susan J. Baserga
16 miRNAs and Hepatocellular Carcinoma 183
Yusuke Yamamoto, Isaku Kohama, and Takahiro Ochiya
17 Hepatocyte Apoptosis: Mechanisms and Relevance in Liver Diseases 195
Harmeet Malhi and Gregory J. Gores
Section B: The Hepatocyte 207
18 Copper Metabolism and the Liver 209
Cynthia Abou Zeid, Ling Yi, and Stephen G. Kaler
19 The Central Role of the Liver in Iron Storage and Regulation of Systemic Iron Homeostasis 215
Tracey A. Rouault, Victor R. Gordeuk, and Gregory J. Anderson
20 Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism 229
Namita Roy Chowdhury, Yanfeng Li, and Jayanta Roy Chowdhury
21 Hepatic Lipid Droplets in Liver Function and Disease 245
Douglas G. Mashek, Wenqi Cui, Linshan Shang, and Charles P. Najt
22 Lipoprotein Metabolism and Cholesterol Balance 255
Mariana Acuña‐Aravena and David E. Cohen
Section C: Transporters, Bile Acids, and Cholestasis 269
23 Bile Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease: An Update 271
Tiangang Li and John Y.L. Chiang
24 TGR5 (GPBAR1) in the Liver 286
Verena Keitel, Christoph G.W. Gertzen, Lina Spomer, Holger Gohlke, and Dieter Häussinger
25 Bile Acids as Signaling Molecules 299
Thierry Claudel and Michael Trauner
26 Hepatic Adenosine Triphosphate‐Binding Cassette Transport Proteins and Their Role in Physiology 313
Peter L.M. Jansen
27 Basolateral Plasma Membrane Organic Anion Transporters 327
M. Sawkat Anwer and Allan W. Wolkoff
28 Hepatic Nuclear Receptors 337
Raymond E. Soccio
29 Molecular Cholestasis 351
Paul Gissen and Richard J. Thompson
30 Pathophysiologic Basis for Alternative Therapies for Cholestasis 364
Claudia D. Fuchs, Emina Halilbasic, and Michael Trauner
31 Adaptive Regulation of Hepatocyte Transporters in Cholestasis 378
James L. Boyer
Section D: Non‐Hepatocyte Cells 391
32 Cholangiocyte Biology and Pathobiology 393
Massimiliano Cadamuro, Romina Fiorotto, and Mario Strazzabosco
33 Polycystic Liver Diseases: Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapies 408
Tatyana Masyuk, Anatoliy Masyuk, and Nicholas LaRusso
34 The Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell: Basic Biology and Pathobiology 422
Karen K. Sørensen and Bård Smedsrød
35 Fenestrations in the Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell 435
Victoria C. Cogger, Nicholas J. Hunt, and David G. Le Couteur
36 Stellate Cells and Fibrosis 444
Youngmin A. Lee and Scott L. Friedman
Part Three: Functions of The Liver 455
Section A: Metabolic Functions 457
37 Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance 459
Max C. Petersen, Varman T. Samuel, Kitt Falk Petersen, and Gerald I. Shulman
38 AMPK: Central Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Target of Type 2 Diabetes Therapeutics 472
Daniel Garcia, Maria M. Mihaylova, and Reuben J. Shaw
39 Insulin‐Mediated PI3K and AKT Signaling 485
Hyokjoon Kwon and Jeffrey E. Pessin
40 Ca2+ Signaling in the Liver 496
Mateus T. Guerra, M. Fatima Leite, and Michael H. Nathanson
41 Clinical Genomics of NAFLD 509
Frank Lammert
Section B: Liver Growth and Regeneration 521
42 Stem Cell‐Fueled Maturational Lineages in Hepatic and Pancreatic Organogenesis 523
Wencheng Zhang, Amanda Allen, Eliane Wauthier, Xianwen Yi, Homayoun Hani, Praveen Sethupathy, David Gerber, Vincenzo Cardinale, Guido Carpino, Juan Dominguez‐Bendala, Giacomo Lanzoni, Domenico Alvaro, Eugenio Gaudio, and Lola Reid
43 Developmental Morphogens and Adult Liver Repair 539
Mariana Verdelho Machado and Anna Mae Diehl
44 Liver Repopulation by Cell Transplantation and the Role of Stem Cells in Liver Biology 550
David A. Shafritz and Markus Grompe
45 Liver Regeneration 566
George K. Michalopoulos
46 β‐Catenin Signaling 585
Satdarshan P.S. Monga
47 Polyploidy in Liver Function, Mitochondrial Metabolism, and Cancer 603
Evan R. Delgado, Elizabeth C. Stahl, Nairita Roy, Patrick D. Wilkinson, and Andrew W. Duncan
Part Four: Pathobiology of Liver Disease 615
48 Hepatic Encephalopathy 617
Roger F. Butterworth
49 The Kidney in Liver Disease 630
Moshe Levi, Shogo Takahashi, Xiaoxin X. Wang, and Marilyn E. Levi
50 α1‐Antitrypsin Deficiency 645
David A. Rudnick and David H. Perlmutter
51 Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension 659
Yasuko Iwakiri and Roberto J. Groszmann
52 Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Treatment 670
Yaron Rotman and Devika Kapuria
53 Alcoholic Liver Disease 682
Bin Gao, Xiaogang Xiang, Lorenzo Leggio, and George F. Koob
54 Drug‐Induced Liver Injury 701
Lily Dara and Neil Kaplowitz
55 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Liver 714
John J. Lemasters and Hartmut Jaeschke
56 The Role of Bile Acid‐Mediated Inflammation in Cholestatic Liver Injury 728
Shi‐Ying Cai, Man Li, and James L. Boyer
57 Toll‐like Receptors in Liver Disease 737
So Yeon Kim and Ekihiro Seki
Part Five: Liver Cancer 747
58 Experimental Models of Liver Cancer: Genomic Assessment of Experimental Models 749
Sun Young Yim, Jae‐Jun Shim, Bo Hwa Sohn, and Ju‐Seog Lee
59 Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 758
Hashem B. El‐Serag
60 Mutations and Genomic Alterations in Liver Cancer 773
Jessica Zucman‐Rossi and Jean‐Charles Nault
61 Treatment of Liver Cancer 782
Tim F. Greten
Part Six: Hepatitis 793
62 Molecular Biology of Hepatitis Viruses 795
Christoph Seeger, William S. Mason, and Michael M.C. Lai
63 Immune Mechanisms of Viral Clearance and Disease Pathogenesis During Viral Hepatitis 821
Carlo Ferrari, Valeria Barili, Stefania Varchetta, and Mario U. Mondelli
64 Clinical Implications of the Molecular Biology of Hepatitis B Virus 851
Timothy M. Block, Ju‐Tao Guo, and W. Thomas London
65 Viral Escape Mechanisms in Hepatitis C and the Clinical Consequences of Persistent Infection 868
Marc G. Ghany, Christopher M. Walker, and Patrizia Farci
66 Tracking Hepatitis C Virus Interactions with the Hepatic Lipid Metabolism : A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Solve Remaining Translational Research Challenges in Hepatitis C 889
Gabrielle Vieyres and Thomas Pietschmann
67 Nucleoside Antiviral Agents for HCV: What’s Left to Do? 906
Franck Amblard, Seema Mengshetti, Junxing Shi, Sijia Tao, Leda Bassit, and Raymond F. Schinazi
68 Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus Causing Acute and Chronic Liver Disease 915
Xiang‐Jin Meng
69 Biological Principles and Clinical Issues Underlying Liver Transplantation for Viral‐Induced End‐Stage Liver Disease in the Era of Highly Effective Direct‐Acting Antiviral Agents 926
Michael S. Kriss, James R. Burton, Jr., and Hugo R. Rosen
70 Time for the Elimination of Hepatitis C Virus as a Global Health Threat 935
John W. Ward, Alan R. Hinman, and Harvey J. Alter
Part Seven: Horizons 953
71 Genome Editing by Targeted Nucleases and the CRISPR/Cas Revolution 955
Shawn M. Burgess
72 Imaging Cellular Proteins and Structures: Smaller, Brighter, and Faster 965
Aubrey V. Weigel and Erik Lee Snapp
73 Liver‐Directed Gene Therapy 979
Patrik Asp, Chandan Guha, Namita Roy Chowdhury, and Jayanta Roy Chowdhury
74 Telomeres and Telomerase in Liver Generation and Cirrhosis 992
Sonja C. Schätzlein and K. Lenhard Rudolph
75 Toxins and Biliary Atresia 1000
Michael Pack and Rebecca G. Wells
76 The Dual Role of ABC Transporters in Drug Metabolism and Resistance to Chemotherapy 1007
Jean‐Pierre Gillet, Marielle Boonen, Michel Jadot, and Michael M. Gottesman
77 Stem Cell‐Derived Liver Cells: From Model System to Therapy 1015
Helmuth Gehart and Hans Clevers
78 Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Biology and Pathobiology 1022
Gyongyi Szabo and Fatemeh Momen‐Heravi
79 Integrated Technologies for Liver Tissue Engineering 1028
Tiffany N. Vo, Amanda X. Chen, Quinton B. Smith, Arnav Chhabra and Sangeeta N. Bhatia
80 Pluripotent Stem Cells and Reprogramming: Promise for Therapy 1036
James A. Heslop and Stephen A. Duncan
81 Chromatin Regulation and Transcription Factor Cooperation in Liver Cells 1043
Ido Goldstein
82 Drug Interactions in the Liver 1050
Guruprasad P. Aithal and Gerd A. Kullak‐Ublick
83 Metabolic Regulation of Hepatic Growth 1058
Wolfram Goessling
84 The Gut Microbiome and Liver Disease 1062
Lexing Yu, Jasmohan S. Bajaj, and Robert F. Schwabe
85 Lineage Tracing: Efficient Tools to Determine the Fate of Hepatic Cells in Health and Disease 1069
Frédéric Lemaigre
86 The Hepatocyte as a Household for Plasmodium Parasites 1075
Vanessa Zuzarte‐Luis and Maria M. Mota
Index 1081